Number Theory

Algebraic and analytic number theory, arithmetic geometry

Trending in Number Theory

2601.01242

Averages of Arithmetic Functions over Conductors of Function Fields

For a finite group $G$ and a sufficiently large (but fixed) prime power $q$ coprime to $G$ we obtain asymptotics for the number of regular Galois extensions $L/ \mathbb{F}_q(t)$, with $\mathrm{Gal}(L/\mathbb{F}_q(t)) \cong G$, ramified at a single place of $\mathbb{F}_q(t)$, thus making progress on a positive characteristic analog of the Boston--Markin conjecture. We also obtain similar results for other arithmetic functions of the product of places of $\mathbb{F}_q(t)$ ramified in $L$, and for more general one-variable function fields over $\mathbb{F}_q$ in place of $\mathbb{F}_q(t)$. Some of our proofs make crucial use of a series of recent breakthroughs by Landesman--Levy, as well as a new `vanishing of stable homology in a given direction' result for representations of braid groups arising from braided vector spaces. Other inputs include a study of (rings of coinvariants of) braided vector spaces associated to racks with $2$-cocycles, a connection between convolution of arithmetic functions and direct sums of braided vector spaces, and a Goursat lemma for racks.

2601.012421

Jan 2026Number Theory

2512.20461

A classification of even representations onto 3-adic SL(2)

This paper gives a classification of even representations onto $\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z}_3)$ of prime conductor. In addition, an explicit algorithm based on global class field theory is exhibited, computing an exhaustive series of such even representations.

2512.204613

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.20413

Parameters of solvable automorphic forms

In a letter from Tate to Serre dated March 26, 1974, Tate suggested a classification of weight one modular forms of prime level in terms of their associated odd Artin representations. This paper carries out an analogous classification of Maass wave forms of prime power level in terms of complex even representations. The parameters are identified with techniques from class field theory and Galois representations. The classification reveals that there exist distinct Maass cusp forms of tetrahedral type on $Γ_1(\ell)$ that remain inequivalent modulo $3$ for $\ell = 7687, 16363$ and $20887$, and that these $\ell$ are the three smallest such primes.

2512.204133

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.19076

On Factoring and Power Divisor Problems via Rank-3 Lattices and the Second Vector

We propose a deterministic algorithm based on Coppersmith's method that employs a rank-3 lattice to address factoring-related problems. An interesting aspect of our approach is that we utilize the second vector in the LLL-reduced basis to avoid trivial collisions in the Baby-step Giant-step method, rather than the shortest vector as is commonly used in the literature. Our results are as follows: 1. Compared to the result by Harvey and Hittmeir (Math. Comp. 91 (2022), 1367 - 1379), who achieved a complexity of O( N^(1/5) log^(16/5) N / (log log N)^(3/5)) for factoring a semiprime N = pq, we demonstrate that in the balanced p and q case, the complexity can be improved to O( N^(1/5) log^(13/5) N / (log log N)^(3/5) ). 2. For factoring sums and differences of powers, that is, numbers of the form N = a^n plus or minus b^n, we improve Hittmeir's result (Math. Comp. 86 (2017), 2947 - 2954) from O( N^(1/4) log^(3/2) N ) to O( N^(1/5) log^(13/5) N ). 3. For the problem of finding r-power divisors, that is, finding all integers p such that p^r divides N, Harvey and Hittmeir (Proceedings of ANTS XV, Research in Number Theory 8 (2022), no. 4, Paper No. 94) recently directly applied Coppersmith's method and achieved a complexity of O( N^(1/(4r)) log^(10+epsilon) N / r^3 ). By using faster LLL-type algorithms and sieving on small primes, we improve their result to O( N^(1/(4r)) log^(7+3 epsilon) N / ((log log N minus log(4r)) r^(2+epsilon)) ). The worst-case running time for their algorithm occurs when N = p^r q with q on the order of N^(1/2). By focusing on this case and employing our rank-3 lattice approach, we achieve a complexity of O( r^(1/4) N^(1/(4r)) log^(5/2) N ). In conclusion, we offer a new perspective on these problems, which we hope will provide further insights.

2512.190761

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.18581

Trigonometric Determinants via special values of Dirichlet $L$-Functions

In this paper, we investigate the determinants involving some trigonometric functions. We establish a connection between these determinants and the special values of Dirichlet L-functions, thereby extending Guo's results to arbitrary positive integers n. In addition, we also prove a conjecture raised by Zhi-Wei Sun. Our main tool is the spectral decomposition of some linear operators. By the same method we obtain an explicit formula for the determinants of sine matrices. This formula is expressed as a product of Gauss sums attached to Dirichlet characters.

2512.185811

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.16358

Counting appearances of integers in sets of arithmetic progressions

The sequence $A067549$ of The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences is defined as $(a_k)_{k \geq 1}$ with $a_k$ being the determinant of the $k \times k$ matrix whose diagonal contains the first $k$ prime numbers and all other elements are ones. We relate this sequence to a concrete counting problem. Choose an arbitrary residue class $r_i$ for each prime $p_i$ with $1 \leq i \leq k$ and set $P_k = \prod_{i=1}^k p_i$. We show that $a_k$ is the number of integers in $[1, P_k]$ that are contained in \emph{at most} one of the $k$ chosen residue classes. Interestingly, we show that this sequence is closely related to the better known sequence $A005867$ for which we derive a novel characterisation in terms of determinants and which gives the number of integers in $[1, P_k]$ that are not contained in any of the $k$ residue classes. Our proof is purely structural and, therefore, it can be generalised to counting appearances of integers in residue classes of arbitrary arithmetic progressions generated by $k$ different primes using the determinant of a matrix of ones having those $k$ primes on its diagonal. The revealed structure also offers a fast way of calculating such determinants.

2512.163581

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.16118

Equidistribution of polynomial sequences in function fields: resolution of a conjecture

Let $\mathbb F_q$ be the finite field of $q$ elements having characteristic $p$, and denote by $\mathbb K_\infty=\mathbb F_q((1/t))$ the field of formal Laurent series in $1/t$. We consider the equidistribution in $\mathbb T=\mathbb K_\infty/\mathbb F_q[t]$ of the values of polynomials $f(u)\in \mathbb K_\infty [u]$ as $u$ varies over $\mathbb F_q[t]$. Let $\mathcal K$ be a finite set of positive integers, and suppose that $α_r\in \mathbb K_\infty$ for $r\in \mathcal K\cup \{0\}$. We show that the polynomial $\sum_{r\in \mathcal K\cup\{0\}}α_ru^r$ is equidistributed in $\mathbb T$ whenever $α_k$ is irrational for some $k\in \mathcal K$ satisfying $p\nmid k$, and also $p^vk\not\in \mathcal K$ for any positive integer $v$. This conclusion resolves in full a conjecture made jointly by the third, fourth and fifth authors.

2512.161181

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.14247

On the local equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture for Tate motives

The local equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture (local ETNC) for a motive predicts a precise relationship between the local arithmetic complex and the root numbers which appear in the (conjectural) functional equations of the $L$-functions. In this paper, we prove the local ETNC for the Tate motives under a certain unramified condition at $p$. Our result gives a generalization of the previous works by Burns--Flach and Burns--Sano. Our strategy basically follows those works and builds upon the classical theory of Coleman maps and its generalization by Perrin-Riou.

2512.142471

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.11337

On the rational approximation to linear combinations of powers

For a complex number $x$, $\Vert x\Vert:=\min\{|x-m|:m\in\mathbb{Z}\}$. Let $k\geq 1$ be an integer, and $K$ be a number field. Let $α_1,\ldots,α_k$ be algebraic numbers with $|α_i|\geq 1$ and let $d_i$ denotes the degree of $α_i$ for $1\leq i\leq k$. Set $d=d_1+\cdots+d_k$. In this article, we show that if the inequality $ 0<\Vertλ_1 qα^n_1+\cdots+λ_k qα^n_k\Vert<\frac{θ^n}{q^{d+\varepsilon}} $ has infinitely many solutions in $(n, q,λ_1,\ldots,λ_k)\in \mathbb{N}^2\times (K^\times)^k$ with absolute logarithmic Weil height of $λ_i$ is small compared to $n$ and some $θ\in (0,1)$, then, in particular, the tuple $(λ_1 qα^n_1,\ldots, λ_k qα^n_k)$ is pseudo-Pisot, and at least one of $α_i$ is an algebraic integer. This result can be viewed as Roth's type theorem for linear combinations of powers of algebraic numbers over $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$. The case $q=1$ was recently proved by Kulkarni, Mavraki, and Nguyen \cite{kul}, which is a generalization of Mahler's question proved in \cite{corv}. As a consequence of our result, we obtain the following generalization of this question: let $α>1$ be an algebraic number with $d=[\mathbb{Q}(α):\mathbb{Q}]$. For a given $\varepsilon>0$, if the inequality $$ 0<\Vertλqα^n\Vert<\frac{θ^n}{q^{d+\varepsilon}} $$ has infinitely many solutions in the tuples $(n,q,λ)\in \mathbb{N}^2\times K^\times$ with absolute logarithmic Weil height of $λ$ is small compared to $n$ and $θ\in (0,1)$, then some power of $α$ is a Pisot number. As an application of this result, we deduce the transcendence of certain infinite products of algebraic numbers.

2512.113371

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.11217

Improved Bounds for the Freiman-Ruzsa Theorem

Let $A$ be a finite subset of an abelian group $G$, and suppose that $|A+A|\leq K|A|$. We show that for any $ε>0$, there exists a constant $C_ε$ such that $A$ can be covered by at most $\exp(C_ε\log(2K)^{1+ε})$ translates of a convex coset progression with dimension at most $C_ε\log(2K)^{1+ε}$ and size at most $\exp(C_ε\log(2K)^{1+ε})|A|$. This falls just short of the Polynomial Freiman-Ruzsa conjecture, which asserts that this statement is true for $ε=0$, and improves on results of Sanders and Konyagin, who showed that this statement is true for all $ε>2$. To prove this result, we use a mixture of entropy methods and Fourier analysis.

2512.112171

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.10661

A purity theorem for Mahler equations

The principal aim of this paper is to establish a purity theorem for Mahler functions that is reminiscent of famous purity theorems for G-functions by D. and G. Chudnovsky and for E-functions (and, more generally, for holonomic arithmetic Gevrey series) by Y. Andr{é}. Our approach is based on a preliminary study of independent interest of the nature of the solutions of Mahler equations. Roughly speaking, we prove a reduction result for Mahler systems, implying that any Mahler equation admits a complete basis of solutions formed of what we call generalized Mahler series. These are sums involving Puiseux series, Hahn series of a very special type and solutions of inhomogeneous equations of order 1 with constant coefficients. In the light of B. Adamczewski, J. P. Bell and D. Smertnig's recent height gap theorem, we introduce a natural filtration on the set of generalized Mahler series according to the arithmetic growth of the coefficients of the Puiseux series involved in their decomposition. This filtration has five pieces. Our purity theorem states that the membership of a generalized Mahler series to one of the three largest pieces of this filtration propagates to any other generalized Mahler series solution of its minimal Mahler equation. We also show that this statement does not extend to the smallest two pieces.

2512.106611

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.05095

On the Outer Automorphism Groups of the Absolute Galois Groups of 2-adic local Fields

In the present paper, we study the outer automorphism groups of the absolute Galois groups of 2-adic local fields from the point of view of anabelian geometry. Let us recall that it is well-known that the natural homomorphism from the automorphism group of a mixed-characteristic local field to the outer automorphism group of the absolute Galois group of the given mixed-characteristic local field is injective. Moreover, Hoshi and the author of the present paper proved that, for absolutely abelian mixed-characteristic local fields with odd residue characteristic $p$ and even extension degree over ${\mathbb Q}_p$, this subgroup arising from field automorphisms is not normal in the outer automorphism group and has infinitely many distinct conjugates. As a result in this direction, one of the main results of the present paper is the assertion that if a 2-adic local field satisfies certain conditions, then the set of conjugates of the subgroup arising from field automorhisms in the outer automorphism group is infinite, which thus implies that this subgroup is not normal in the outer automorphism group. On the other hand, for an odd prime number $p$, Hoshi proved the existence of an irreducible Hodge-Tate $p$-adic representation of dimension two of the absolute Galois group of a $p$-adic local field and an automorphism of the absolute Galois group such that the $p$-adic Galois representation obtained by pulling back the given $p$-adic Galois representation by the given automorphism is not Hodge-Tate. As a result in a direction that is different from the above direction, another main result of the present paper is the existence of a pair of a representation and an automorphism that is similar to the above pair in the case where $p=2$.

2512.050951

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.03481

The $p$-adic Valuations of Möbius Duals of Lucas Sequences

In this paper, we extend the $p$-adic valuations of the Möbius duals of Lucas sequences, originally obtained by Carmichael for regular Lucas sequences to irregular Lucas sequences. We conclude with a brief observation about the relationship of these valuations to the existence of Wall-Sun-Sun primes.

2512.034811

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.02927

Eisenstein cohomology and congruences for the ratios of Rankin--Selberg $L$-functions

A well-known principle states that a congruence between objects should give rise to a corresponding congruence between the special values of $L$-functions attached to these objects. In this article, using the machinery of Eisenstein cohomology after refining it for integral cohomology, we prove an instance of this principle for the ratios of critical values for Rankin--Selberg $L$-functions attached to pairs of holomorphic cuspforms.

2512.029271

Dec 2025Number Theory

2512.02919

Congruences for the ratios of Rankin--Selberg $L$-functions

A well-known principle states that a congruence between objects should give rise to a corresponding congruence between the special values of $L$-functions attached to these objects. In this article we computationally investigate this principle for Rankin--Selberg $L$-functions attached to pairs of holomorphic cuspforms.

2512.029191

Dec 2025Number Theory

2511.21171

Evaluation of Bianchi Rigid Meromorphic Cocycles at Big ATR Points

We develop the tools required to effectively evaluate the Bianchi rigid meromorphic cocycles introduced by Darmon-Gehrmann-Lipnowski at big ATR points, and use them to obtain the first numerical verification of the conjectured algebraicity of these special values. Moreover, our computations suggest that these special values exhibit behaviour analogous to that of the special values of Borcherds products on Hilbert modular surfaces at big CM points.

2511.211711

Nov 2025Number Theory

2511.20829

Partition-theoretic model of prime distribution, II

In recent work by Botkin, Dawsey, Hemmer, Just and the present author, a deterministic model of prime number distribution is developed based on properties of integer partitions that gives almost exact estimates for $π(n)$, the number of primes less than or equal to positive integer $n$, up to $n=10{,}000$. In this follow-up paper, the author summarizes the ideas behind this partition-theoretic model of primes and formulates a computational model that is practically exact in its estimates of $π(n)$ up to $n=100,000$.

2511.208291

Nov 2025Number Theory

Fermat near misses and the integral Hilbert Property

We consider the Diophantine equation $x^4 + y^4 - w^2 = n$ for $n \in \mathbb{Z}$, which is related to near misses for the quartic case of Fermat's Last Theorem. For certain $n$ we show that the set of solutions is infinite, or more generally not thin. Our approach is via the geometry of del Pezzo surfaces of degree $2$, and we prove a more general result on non-thinness of integral points on double conic bundle surfaces.

2511.174562

Nov 2025Number Theory

The Landau-Selberg-Delange method for products of Dirichlet $L$-functions, and applications, I

The Landau-Selberg-Delange method gives precise asymptotic formulas for the partial sums $\sum_{n \le x} \, a_n$ of a Dirichlet series $\sum_n \, a_n/n^s$ that behaves like a complex power of the Riemann zeta function. However, situations often arise when the Dirichlet series behaves like a product of complex powers of several Dirichlet $L$-functions to a modulus $q$. In such situations, one often requires sharp asymptotic formulas for the partial sums $\sum_{n \le x} \, a_n$ that apply in much wider ranges of $q$ than permitted by known forms of the Landau-Selberg-Delange method. In this manuscript, we address this problem, giving new estimates on $\sum_{n \le x} \, a_n$ in ranges of $q$ that are (in most applications) much wider than attainable from previous results. Our results also weaken certain hypotheses on the size of $\{a_n\}_n$. As applications of our main theorems, we extend Landau's classical results on the distribution of integers with prime factors restricted to progressions, and improve upon Chang, Martin and Nguyen's work on the distributions of the least invariant factors and least primary factors of multiplicative groups. We also extend the classical Sathe-Selberg theorem and study the local laws of the functions $Ω_a(n)$ and $ω_a(n)$, that count (with and without multiplicity, respectively), the number of prime divisors of $n$ lying in the progression $a$ mod $q$.

2511.159281

Nov 2025Number Theory

Computational study of irrational rotations via exact discontinuity tracking

The discrepancy sum $D_N(x,ρ)$ for irrational rotations has been of interest to mathematicians for over a century. While historically studied in an ``almost-everywhere'' or asymptotic sense, $D_N$ for finite N is increasingly an object of interest for its nontrivial properties that depend on the Diophantine properties of $ρ$. This behavior is periodic in N with respect to the quotients of the continued fraction convergents, which grow quickly for some irrationals. Thus the stable computation of the sum is necessary for forming conjectures about its properties. However, computing the exact value of the sum and its corresponding probability density function (pdf) is notoriously difficult due to numerical instability in the sum itself and the failure of sampling methods to capture its jump discontinuities. This paper presents a novel computational algorithm that fully defines the discrepancy function and its associated pdf through its discontinuities. This allows the calculation of $D_N(x,ρ)$ to machine precision with minimal storage in O(N) time. This vast improvement in computability over the O(N^2) naive version enables, for the first time, the direct computation of the exact pdf up to machine precision in O(N log N) time, and with it, key properties of the discrepancy: $ \|D_N \|_{\infty}$ (half of the support of the pdf), $ \|D_N \|_{2}^2$ (the variance of the pdf), and the kurtosis of the pdf. A key strength of the algorithm lies in its ability to produce clear, exact figures, allowing the development of mathematical intuition and the quick testing of conjectures. As an example, a newly conjectured pattern is presented: when $ρ$ is well-approximated by rational $\frac{p_n}{q_n}$, the pdf exhibits a predictable spiked-trapezoidal pattern when $N=kq_n$. These shapes degrade as $k$ increases, at a speed depending on how well $\frac{p_n}{q_n}$ approximates $ρ$.

2511.138791

Nov 2025Number Theory

1,373 papers

2601.04189

Landau-Siegel zeros of Rankin-Selberg $L$-functions

We establish standard zero-free regions with no exceptional Landau-Siegel zeros for Rankin-Selberg $L$-functions and triple product $L$-functions in several new families for which modularity is not yet known.

2601.04189Jan 2026

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2601.04014

On a conjecture of Andrews and Bachraoui

Recently, Andrews and Bachraoui considered a generating function $F_{k,m}(q)$ associated with certain two-color partitions, and conjectured that this function has non-negative coefficients for $m=1$. They showed this property for $1 \leq k \leq 4$. In this note, we prove that $F_{k,1}(q)$ has non-negative coefficients for $5 \leq k \leq 10$. Moreover, we show that, as $k\to\infty$, $F_{k,1}(q)$ is related to Ramanujan's third order mock theta function $ω(q)$ and to quotients of certain $q$-binomial coefficients.

2601.04014Jan 2026

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2601.03998

Restricted overpartitions and concave compositions: their modularity and asymptotics

In this paper we study restricted overpartitions and concave compositions. Using q-series transformations, we show that their generating functions are related to modular forms, mock theta functions, false theta functions, and mock Maass theta functions. Moreover, we obtain their asymptotic main terms. We also study related rank statistics.

2601.03998Jan 2026

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2601.03984

There are consecutive cubic fields with large class numbers, when ordered by discriminant

We consider cubic number fields ordered by their discriminants, and show that there exist arbitrarily long sequences that contain only fields with class numbers greater than a given bound.

2601.03984Jan 2026

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2601.03949

Sets of distinct representations of numbers in numeral systems with a natural base and a redundant alphabet

In this work, we study a numeral system with a natural base $s \geq 2$ and a redundant alphabet $A_r=\{0,1, \dots, r\}$, where $s \leq r \leq 2s-2$. We investigate the topological, metric, and fractal properties of the set of numbers in the interval $\left[0,\frac{r}{s-1}\right]$ that admit a unique representation $x=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{α_n} {s^n}\equivΔ^{r_s}_{α_1α_2...α_n...}$, $α_n\in A_r$. The criterion for the uniqueness of the number representation is established. It is proved that the Hausdorff--Besicovitch dimension of the set of numbers with a unique representation is equal to $\frac{\ln(2s-r-1)}{\ln s}$. An analysis of the quantity of representations of numbers having purely periodic representations with a simple period (a single-digit period) is carried out. It is proved that the set of numbers that admit a continuum of distinct representations has full Lebesgue measure. Conditions for a number to belong to this set are given in terms of one of its representations.

2601.03949Jan 2026

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Weight filtration of Hurwitz spaces and quantum shuffle algebras

We prove an equivalence between filtrations of primitive bialgebras and filtrations of factorizable perverse sheaves, generalizing the results obtained by Kapranov-Schechtman. Under this equivalence, we find that the word length filtration of quantum shuffle algebras as defined in Ellenberg-Tran-Westerland corresponds to the codimension filtration of factorizable perverse sheaves. Furthermore, we find that the geometric weight filtration of factorizable perverse sheaves corresponds to a filtration on quantum shuffle algebras which has not been previously defined in the literature, and we call this the algebraic weight filtration. To apply this to Hurwitz spaces, we prove a comparison theorem between the weight filtrations for Hurwitz spaces over $\mathbb F_p$ and $\mathbb C$, generalizing the comparison theorem of Ellenberg-Venkatesh-Westerland. This allows us to determine the cohomological weights for Hurwitz spaces explicitly using the algebraic weight filtration of the corresponding quantum shuffle algebra. As a consequence, we find that most weights of Hurwitz spaces are smaller than expected from cohomological degree, and we prove explicit nontrivial upper bounds for weights in some cases, such as when $G=S_3$ and $c$ is the conjugacy class of transpositions.

2601.03871Jan 2026

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2601.03797

On difference sets of dense subsets of $\mathbb{Z}^2$

In this article, we study the structure of the difference set $E - E$ for subsets $E \subseteq \mathbb{Z}^2$ of positive upper Banach density. In [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 146 (2018), 3449-3453, Problem 2] Fish asked whether, for every such set $E$, there exists a nonzero integer $k$ such that \[ k \cdot \mathbb{Z} \subseteq \{\, xy : (x,y) \in E - E \,\}. \] Although this question remains open, we establish a relatively weaker form of this conjecture. Specifically, we prove that there exist infinitely many integers $k \in \mathbb{Z}$ and a sequence $\langle x_n \rangle_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ in $\mathbb{Z}$ such that \[ k \cdot FS(\langle x_n \rangle_{n \in \mathbb{N}}) \subseteq \{\, xy : (x,y) \in E - E \,\}, \] where $FS(\langle x_n \rangle)$ denotes the finite sums set generated by the sequence.

2601.03797Jan 2026

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2601.03653

Rank metric codes from Drinfeld modules

We establish a connection between Drinfeld modules and rank metric codes, focusing on the case of semifield codes. Our framework constructs rank metric codes from linear subspaces of endomorphisms of a Drinfeld module, using tools such as characteristic polynomials on Tate modules and the Chebotarev density theorem. We show that Sheekey's construction [She20] fits naturally into this setting, yielding a short conceptual proof of one of his main results. We then give a new construction of infinite families of semifield codes arising from Drinfeld modules defined over finite fields.

2601.03653Jan 2026

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2601.03560

The Waring Problem of Harmonic Polynomials

This paper investigates the Waring problem of harmonic polynomials. By characterizing the annihilating ideal of a homogeneous harmonic polynomial, i.e., a real binary form that is in the kernel of the Laplacian, we show that its Waring rank equals its degree. Moreover, we show that any linear form can appear in a minimal Waring decomposition of a homogeneous harmonic polynomial, implying that the forbidden locus is empty. We also provide an explicit algorithm for computing the minimal Waring decompositions.

2601.03560Jan 2026

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Improving bounds for value sets of polynomials over finite fields

Let $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ be a finite field of characteristic $p$, and let $f \in \mathbb{F}_{q}[x]$ be a polynomial of degree $d > 0$. Denote the image set of this polynomial as $V_{f}=\{f(α)\midα\in\mathbb{F}_{q}\}$ and denote the cardinality of this set as $N_{f}$. A much sharper bound for $N_{f}$ is established in this paper. In particular, for any $p\neq 2, 3$, and for nearly every generic quartic polynomial $f \in \mathbb{F}_{q}[x]$, we obtain $$\lvert N_f - \frac{5}{8} q \rvert \leq \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{q} + \frac{3}{4},$$ which holds as a simple corollary of the main result.

2601.03548Jan 2026

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2601.03414

On the sizes of the maximal prime powers divisors of factorials

Let p be any prime, and $p^(ν_p(n!))$ the maximal power of $p$ dividing $n!$. It is proved that there exists a positive integer $n_0$, which depends only on $p$, such that $q^(ν_q(n!)) < p^(ν_p(n!))$ for all $n \ge n_0$ and all primes $q > p$. For twin primes $p$ and $q = p + 2$ it is proved that the minimal $n_0$ satisfying $q^(ν_q(n!)) < p^(ν_p(n!))$ for all $n \ge n_0$ is given by $n_0 = (p^2+p)/2$.

2601.03414Jan 2026

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2601.03212

Lattice coverings and homogeneous covering congruences

We consider the problem of covering $\mathbb{Z}^2$ with a finite number of sublattices of finite index, satisfying a simple minimality or non-degeneracy condition. We show how this problem may be viewed as a projective (or homogeneous) version of the well-known problem of covering systems of congruences. We give a construction of minimal coverings which produces many, but not all, minimal coverings, and determine all minimal coverings with at most $8$ sublattices.

2601.03212Jan 2026

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2601.03209

Values of ternary quadratic forms at integers and the Berry-Tabor conjecture for 3-tori

Berry and Tabor conjectured in 1977 that spectra of generic integrable quantum systems have the same local statistics as a Poisson point process. We verify their conjecture in the case of the two-point spectral density for a quantum particle in a three-dimensional box, subject to a Diophantine condition on the domain's proportions. A permissible choice of width, height and depth is for example $1,2^{1/3},2^{-1/3}$. This extends previous work of Eskin, Margulis and Mozes (Annals of Math., 2005) in dimension two, where the problem reduces to the quantitative Oppenheim conjecture for quadratic forms of signature $(2,2)$. The difficulty in three and higher dimensions is that we need to consider the distribution of indefinite forms in shrinking rather than fixed intervals, which we are able to resolve for special diagonal forms of signature $(3,3)$ in various scalings, including a rate of convergence. A key step of our approach is to represent the relevant counting problem as an average of a theta function on $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})^3\backslash\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})^3$ over an expanding family of one-parameter unipotent orbits. The asymptotic behaviour of these unipotent averages follows from Ratner's measure classification theorem and subtle escape of mass estimates.

2601.03209Jan 2026

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2601.03029

Periodicity of traces of Hecke operators modulo prime powers

We study traces of Hecke operators on spaces of elliptic cusp forms and Drinfeld cusp forms and show that, modulo any prime power, these traces are periodic in the weight.

2601.03029Jan 2026

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2601.02921

Ramaswami Type translation formulae for the polylogarithm functions

In 1934, Ramaswami proved a number of curious translation formulae satisfied by the Riemann zeta function. Such translation formulae, in turn give the meromorphic extension of the Riemann zeta function. In 1954, Apostol extended those identities to establish a family of such similar translation formulae. In this article, we establish many such Ramaswami and Apostol type translation formulae for the Dirichlet series defining the polylogarithm functions. This extended set up has many interesting applications, for example, it allows us to also find some (seemingly new) recurrence relations between the Bernoulli numbers, and use them to deduce some congruence properties of the tangent numbers.

2601.02921Jan 2026

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2601.02919

The compositional inverses of some permutation polynomials of the form $x+γ\operatorname{Tr}_q^{q^2}(h(x))$

Recently, Jiang et al. \cite{JIANG2025102522} obtained several classes of Permutation Polynomial of the form $x+γ\operatorname{Tr}_q^{q^2}(h(x))$ over finite fields $\mathbb{F}_{q^2},q=2^n$. In this paper, we find the compositional inverse of six classes of permutation polynomials of this form.

2601.02919Jan 2026

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2601.02781

On rates of convergence in central limit theorems of Selberg and Bourgade

Based on the recent works of Radziwill-Soundararajan and Roberts, we establish a rate of convergence in Bourgade's central limit theorem for shifted Dirichlet $L$-functions. Our results also indicate that the dependence structure in the components of a random vector could have a dramatic impact on the rate of convergence in such a multivariate central limit theorem.

2601.02781Jan 2026

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2601.02743

Counting Polynomial-type Exceptional Units on Algebraic Varieties over Number Fields

Previous research on exceptional units has primarily focused on the ring of rational integers or abstract finite rings, often restricted to linear or quadratic constraints. In this paper, we extend the concept of polynomial-type exceptional units to the ring of integers of an arbitrary algebraic number field. We investigate the number of these polynomial-type exceptional units on general algebraic varieties. By employing the Chinese Remainder Theorem and Hensel's lifting technique, we derive an exact counting formula for the number of these exceptional units on a smooth closed subscheme under the assumption of good reduction. Furthermore, using the Lang-Weil inequality, we establish an asymptotic estimate for the counting function. In particular, we prove that for varieties of degree at most two, the error term can be significantly improved, yielding a sharper asymptotic bound.

2601.02743Jan 2026

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2601.02664

Powerful Fibonacci polynomials over finite fields

Bugeaud, Mignotte, and Siksek proved that the only perfect powers in Fibonacci sequence are 0, 1, 8, and 144. In this paper, we study the polynomial analogue of the problem. Especially, we give a complete characterization of the Fibonacci polynomials that are perfect powers or powerful over finite fields, where there are infinitely many of them. We also give similar characterizations for some of Horadam's generalized Lucas polynomial sequences, which include Fibonacci, Lucas, Chebyshev, and Jacobsthal polynomials.

2601.02664Jan 2026

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2601.02623

Joint extreme values of the Riemann zeta function at harmonic points

Using the resonance method, we obtain refined estimates for joint extreme values of the Riemann zeta function at harmonic points, improving upon Levinson's 1972 results and providing new insight into the behavior of the Riemann zeta function. Our proof is primarily based on Dirichlet series theory and the truncated Euler product for the Riemann zeta function. As a corollary, we can recover some previously known extreme value results for the zeta function.

2601.02623Jan 2026

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