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The Phenomenology of Extra Neutral Gauge Bosons

A. Leike

TL;DR

The paper addresses the phenomenology of extra neutral gauge bosons ($Z'$) emerging from extended gauge symmetries, focusing on how to parameterize $Z'$ properties and translate them into observable collider signals.It develops a comprehensive formalism for kinetic and mass mixing, fermionic couplings, and decay widths, then applies model-dependent and model-independent strategies to extract limits from data across $e^+e^-$, $ep$, and hadron colliders.Key contributions include analytic estimates linking collider conditions (luminosity, energy, cuts, and radiative corrections) to $Z'$ exclusion and measurement capabilities, and a systematic comparison of constraint strengths between lepton and hadron experiments, including $E_6$-motivated scenarios.The work demonstrates the complementary roles of precision lepton-collider measurements (tight bounds on mixing and weakly coupled $Z'$s) and hadron-collider searches (robust mass limits and sensitivity to broader model space), outlining practical pathways for future experimental exploration and model discrimination.

Abstract

The phenomenological constraints on extra neutral gauge bosons at present and at future colliders are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the influence of radiative corrections, systematic errors, and kinematic cuts on the Z' constraints. Simple estimates of the Z' constraints from different reactions are derived. They make the physical origin of these constraints transparent. The results existing in the literature are summarized and compared with the estimates. The consequence of model assumptions on the Z' constraints is discussed. The paper starts with an overview of Z' parameters and the possible links between them by model assumptions. It continues with a discussion of Z' limits and Z' measurements in different reactions at e+e- and mu+mu- colliders. It follows an overview of the corresponding limits at proton colliders. Possible Z' constraints from other reactions as ep collisions, atomic parity violation, neutrino scattering and cosmology are briefly mentioned.

The Phenomenology of Extra Neutral Gauge Bosons

TL;DR

The paper addresses the phenomenology of extra neutral gauge bosons ($Z'$) emerging from extended gauge symmetries, focusing on how to parameterize $Z'$ properties and translate them into observable collider signals.It develops a comprehensive formalism for kinetic and mass mixing, fermionic couplings, and decay widths, then applies model-dependent and model-independent strategies to extract limits from data across $e^+e^-$, $ep$, and hadron colliders.Key contributions include analytic estimates linking collider conditions (luminosity, energy, cuts, and radiative corrections) to $Z'$ exclusion and measurement capabilities, and a systematic comparison of constraint strengths between lepton and hadron experiments, including $E_6$-motivated scenarios.The work demonstrates the complementary roles of precision lepton-collider measurements (tight bounds on mixing and weakly coupled $Z'$s) and hadron-collider searches (robust mass limits and sensitivity to broader model space), outlining practical pathways for future experimental exploration and model discrimination.

Abstract

The phenomenological constraints on extra neutral gauge bosons at present and at future colliders are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the influence of radiative corrections, systematic errors, and kinematic cuts on the Z' constraints. Simple estimates of the Z' constraints from different reactions are derived. They make the physical origin of these constraints transparent. The results existing in the literature are summarized and compared with the estimates. The consequence of model assumptions on the Z' constraints is discussed. The paper starts with an overview of Z' parameters and the possible links between them by model assumptions. It continues with a discussion of Z' limits and Z' measurements in different reactions at e+e- and mu+mu- colliders. It follows an overview of the corresponding limits at proton colliders. Possible Z' constraints from other reactions as ep collisions, atomic parity violation, neutrino scattering and cosmology are briefly mentioned.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 113 sections, 241 equations, 16 figures, 17 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Preliminary considerations
  3. Parameters describing extra neutral gauge bosons
  4. Assumptions and limitations
  5. Mixing
  6. Kinetic mixing
  7. Mass mixing
  8. Alternative parametrization of the mixing
  9. Couplings to SM fermions
  10. Couplings of the Symmetry Eigenstates
  11. Couplings of the Mass eigenstates
  12. Decay width
  13. Born approximation
  14. Higher order effects
  15. Summary of $Z'$ parameters
  16. ...and 98 more sections

Figures (16)

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  • ...and 11 more figures