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Mass Hierarchies Without Mixing: Abelian Froggatt-Nielsen Models with Uncharged Left-Handed Doublets

Navid Ardakanian

Abstract

Abelian flavor charges on right-handed fermions produce left-handed anarchy: we prove that all abelian discrete Froggatt-Nielsen models with uncharged left-handed doublets yield Haar-random PMNS and CKM matrices, regardless of $\mathbb{Z}_N$ group order, charge assignment, or Majorana mass structure. Scanning $\mathbb{Z}_3$ through $\mathbb{Z}_7$ with 12 charge assignments and $10^5$ Monte Carlo samples each, we demonstrate that the mass spectrum failure previously identified for $\mathbb{Z}_3$ -- the seesaw over-suppression mechanism that pushes $Δm^2_{21}/Δm^2_{31}$ to $\sim 10^{-11}$ -- is specific to $\mathbb{Z}_3$ and avoidable for $N \geq 4$. The mixing angle failure, however, is universal and irreducible. The PMNS angles from every abelian model are statistically consistent with Haar-random unitary matrices, with median $\sin^2θ_{12} \approx \sin^2θ_{23} \approx 0.50$ and $\sin^2θ_{13} \approx 0.31$ across all models tested. The same applies to the CKM: the joint probability of achieving CKM-like mixing from generic $O(1)$ coefficients is $< 2 \times 10^{-6}$. We identify the algebraic origin of this obstruction: abelian groups have only one-dimensional representations, so each generation transforms as an independent singlet with 18 free parameters for three Dirac mass matrices -- far exceeding the 10 physical observables. The transition to non-abelian flavor symmetries such as $A_4$, whose triplet representation reduces free parameters to 4 at leading order, is required specifically for mixing structure. This obstruction applies to the well-motivated subclass of models where left-handed fields are uncharged; models that assign abelian charges to both left- and right-handed fields can evade it.

Mass Hierarchies Without Mixing: Abelian Froggatt-Nielsen Models with Uncharged Left-Handed Doublets

Abstract

Abelian flavor charges on right-handed fermions produce left-handed anarchy: we prove that all abelian discrete Froggatt-Nielsen models with uncharged left-handed doublets yield Haar-random PMNS and CKM matrices, regardless of group order, charge assignment, or Majorana mass structure. Scanning through with 12 charge assignments and Monte Carlo samples each, we demonstrate that the mass spectrum failure previously identified for -- the seesaw over-suppression mechanism that pushes to -- is specific to and avoidable for . The mixing angle failure, however, is universal and irreducible. The PMNS angles from every abelian model are statistically consistent with Haar-random unitary matrices, with median and across all models tested. The same applies to the CKM: the joint probability of achieving CKM-like mixing from generic coefficients is . We identify the algebraic origin of this obstruction: abelian groups have only one-dimensional representations, so each generation transforms as an independent singlet with 18 free parameters for three Dirac mass matrices -- far exceeding the 10 physical observables. The transition to non-abelian flavor symmetries such as , whose triplet representation reduces free parameters to 4 at leading order, is required specifically for mixing structure. This obstruction applies to the well-motivated subclass of models where left-handed fields are uncharged; models that assign abelian charges to both left- and right-handed fields can evade it.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 9 sections, 1 equation, 3 tables.