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Deterministic Modeling of Dynamic ISAC Channels in RF Digital Twin Environments

Cesar Montaner, Saúl Fenollosa, Andres Ortega, Hugo Beltrán, Narcis Cardona

Abstract

This paper introduces a methodology to calibrate Radio-Frequency Digital Twins (RF-DTs) for Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) in dynamic wireless environments. The approach leverages high-resolution ray tracing in combination with wideband channel sounding to ensure consistency between simulated and measured propagation. The methodology is validated in urban scenarios featuring both mono-static and bi-static configurations, as well as moving user platforms and vehicles. Results show that the calibrated RF-DT reproduces key propagation effects, including multipath evolution, dynamic scatterers, and Doppler-induced signatures, with close agreement to measurements. These findings confirm that accurate geometry, material modeling, antenna patterns, and diffuse scattering are essential for realistic high-frequency ISAC simulation. By bridging the gap between simulation and measurement, the proposed calibration framework provides a scalable tool for developing and evaluating ISAC algorithms in complex, time-varying environments envisioned for 6G.

Deterministic Modeling of Dynamic ISAC Channels in RF Digital Twin Environments

Abstract

This paper introduces a methodology to calibrate Radio-Frequency Digital Twins (RF-DTs) for Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) in dynamic wireless environments. The approach leverages high-resolution ray tracing in combination with wideband channel sounding to ensure consistency between simulated and measured propagation. The methodology is validated in urban scenarios featuring both mono-static and bi-static configurations, as well as moving user platforms and vehicles. Results show that the calibrated RF-DT reproduces key propagation effects, including multipath evolution, dynamic scatterers, and Doppler-induced signatures, with close agreement to measurements. These findings confirm that accurate geometry, material modeling, antenna patterns, and diffuse scattering are essential for realistic high-frequency ISAC simulation. By bridging the gap between simulation and measurement, the proposed calibration framework provides a scalable tool for developing and evaluating ISAC algorithms in complex, time-varying environments envisioned for 6G.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 13 sections, 8 equations, 6 figures, 2 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Methodology
  3. Measurement Campaign and Hardware
  4. Scenario Design (UMi LOS)
  5. Scene and Kinematics Acquisition
  6. RT Configuration with Directive/Diffuse Scattering
  7. Dynamic Channel Representation and Delay--Doppler Extraction
  8. Alignment and Comparison Protocol
  9. Results
  10. Scenario B: Static Transceivers with Moving Vehicle
  11. Scenario C: Moving UE Platform
  12. Doppler Validation
  13. Conclusions

Figures (6)

  • Figure 1: Definition of ISAC Sensing Modes (a) and Channel Scenarios (b)
  • Figure 2: Measurement episodes in UMi LOS: (a) Scenario-type B with static BS/UE and moving target; (b) Scenario-type C with moving UE platform.
  • Figure 3: Scattering abstraction: (a) physical scattering on rough surfaces; (b) micro-geometry discretization; (c) specular reflection plus directive/diffuse lobe on macro facets.
  • Figure 4: Scenario B: PDPs for mono-static (a) and bi-static (b). Top: measurement; bottom: simulation.
  • Figure 5: Scenario C: PDPs for mono-static (a) and bi-static (b). Top: measurement; bottom: simulation.
  • ...and 1 more figures