Exact density-functional theory as parallel ensemble variational hierarchies: from Lieb's formulation to Kohn-Sham theory

Abstract

Exact ground-state density-functional theory contains two parallel variational structures that are often compressed into a single narrative: an interacting hierarchy rooted in Lieb's ensemble formulation and a noninteracting hierarchy rooted in exact ensemble noninteracting theory. We reconstruct exact DFT around this parallel structure and distinguish both exact frameworks from the Kohn-Sham auxiliary density-functional construction that links them on a common admissible density class. From this viewpoint, the Levy-Lieb constrained search, the Hohenberg-Kohn picture, and ordinary pure-state noninteracting or Kohn-Sham formulations appear as narrower specializations under additional restrictions. The same organization also places fractional particle number, piecewise linearity, one-sided chemical potentials, derivative discontinuity, fractional orbital occupations, and Janak-type relations within a single variational picture. Exchange-correlation structure is reconsidered from the same standpoint, where it appears as the interface quantity between the interacting and noninteracting hierarchies rather than merely as the unknown remainder of the Kohn-Sham decomposition. The result is a formal reorganization of exact DFT that clarifies distinctions often blurred in compressed expositions, including functional domain versus representability class, noninteracting supporting-potential structure versus Kohn-Sham auxiliary construction, and density reproduction versus spectral interpretation.