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Symbol-Synchronous Communication for Ultra-Low-Power Multi-Hop Ambient IoT Networks

Xinlei Liu, Andrey Belogaev, Jeroen Famaey

Abstract

Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, as a critical enabler of future green IoT networks, have attracted broad interest from both industry and academia due to their ability to operate without batteries and with low maintenance costs. To accommodate their dynamic and constrained energy budget, an ultra-low-power connectivity protocol is required. Due to the severely limited transmit power of A-IoT devices, multi-hop connectivity is an interesting paradigm to extend their range. However, commonly used protocols for multi-hop communication may not be suitable for A-IoT due to excessive overhead related to channel access procedures, coordinated routing, and tight time synchronization requirements. This paper presents a novel network connectivity protocol based on symbol-synchronous transmissions, which allows battery-less relay nodes to participate in the forwarding process in an ad-hoc manner, without the need for synchronization or coordination. This allows them to adapt their duty cycle to the available harvested energy. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol can ensure high reliability in data packet delivery while significantly reducing the energy consumption of each relay node. We also investigate the relationship between wake-up probability and network density. For example, a 400-node network in a 625 m2 area can achieve a packet error rate below 1 % with an average awake time of 6 % per node, achieving an energy consumption reduction of 88 % compared to the baseline approach.

Symbol-Synchronous Communication for Ultra-Low-Power Multi-Hop Ambient IoT Networks

Abstract

Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, as a critical enabler of future green IoT networks, have attracted broad interest from both industry and academia due to their ability to operate without batteries and with low maintenance costs. To accommodate their dynamic and constrained energy budget, an ultra-low-power connectivity protocol is required. Due to the severely limited transmit power of A-IoT devices, multi-hop connectivity is an interesting paradigm to extend their range. However, commonly used protocols for multi-hop communication may not be suitable for A-IoT due to excessive overhead related to channel access procedures, coordinated routing, and tight time synchronization requirements. This paper presents a novel network connectivity protocol based on symbol-synchronous transmissions, which allows battery-less relay nodes to participate in the forwarding process in an ad-hoc manner, without the need for synchronization or coordination. This allows them to adapt their duty cycle to the available harvested energy. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol can ensure high reliability in data packet delivery while significantly reducing the energy consumption of each relay node. We also investigate the relationship between wake-up probability and network density. For example, a 400-node network in a 625 m2 area can achieve a packet error rate below 1 % with an average awake time of 6 % per node, achieving an energy consumption reduction of 88 % compared to the baseline approach.
Paper Structure (9 sections, 5 figures, 2 tables)

This paper contains 9 sections, 5 figures, 2 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Related work
  3. System model
  4. Symbol-synchronous transmission
  5. Relay operation workflow
  6. Performance evaluation
  7. Simulation setup
  8. Analysis of simulation results
  9. Conclusion and Outlook

Figures (5)

  • Figure 1: System model
  • Figure 2: Symbol-synchronous transmission
  • Figure 3: States of relay node during: (1) listening and failing to detect the start of a new packet (listen-empty); (2) sleeping to save energy (sleep); (3) listening and managing to detect a new packet (listen-detect); (4) relaying of symbol $1$ ($1$-bit relay); (5) relaying of symbol $0$ ($0$-bit relay).
  • Figure 4: Network reliability, expressed as PER, as a function of wake-up probability for different network densities
  • Figure 5: The average energy consumption for transmitting one packet of $128$ bits