Edge-Stabilized Rotating Flames in a Circular Hele-Shaw Cell

Abstract

In this study, we report direct experimental observations of self-sustaining CH4-air rotating flames formed spontaneously in an unheated, open, circular Hele-Shaw cell. These flames are observed under fuel-rich conditions and exhibit stable traveling-wave patterns, with edge velocities that can significantly exceed the nominal flame speed of the unburned mixture. PLIF measurements across the central plane reveal that the flame front consists of a bibrachial structure, with a diffusion branch gliding along the side edges of the cell and a premixed branch extending into the interior. Complementary numerical simulations suggest that the formation of rotating flames is driven by a dynamic balance between local flame speed and unburned-gas velocity near the cell edges, where both wall heat loss and flow expansion play critical roles in stabilizing the rotation pattern. A parametric study is conducted for various equivalence ratios, flow rates, and gap distances, from which the regime diagrams of flame modes and rotation frequencies are obtained. At low flow rates, the rotating flames are single-headed, with a positive dependence of rotation frequency on the flow rate. For this type of flames, a semi-empirical model is established to predict their rotation frequencies and shapes as functions of mass flow rate and surface temperature. At elevated flow rates, the flames split into multiple heads at approximately equal spacing, and the product of number of heads and rotation frequency increases with the flow rate. Mode transition from rotating flames to steady ring-shaped flames anchored at the burner edges occurs at sufficiently high flow rates, while at sufficiently low flow rates, flame extinction occurs due to thermal quenching. These findings can provide useful guidance for the advancement of micro-combustion technologies.

Figures (10)

• Figure 1: (a) Schematic of the current experimental setup. (b) Detailed view of the Hele-Shaw burner. (c) Photo of the burner and the gas supply system.
• Figure 2: Schematic of the computational setup and boundary conditions.
• Figure 3: Representative images of an edge-stabilized single-headed rotating flame of CH$_4$-air mixture at $\phi$ = 1.25 and $\dot{m}_{tot}$ = 10.17 SLPM. (a) Sequential images of OH chemiluminescence, (b) a representative OH-PLIF image at the same condition and (c) graphic illustration of the local flame speed reconstruction.
• Figure 4: Radial distributions of (a) the measured surface temperature of the Hele-Shaw burner, (b) the local flame speed determined from experiment, plotted in comparison with the adiabatic flame speed evaluated at the measured surface temperature, and (c) the effective heat loss rate inferred from the one-dimensional calculation. Results are shown for the representative case of rotating flame in Fig. 3.
• Figure 5: Representative image sequences of (a) single-wave, (b) double-wave, and (c) multi-wave rotating flames at $\phi=1.25$ and a gap distance of 3.0 mm.