Hydrodynamics of dilation and spin currents

Abstract

We formulate a relativistic hydrodynamic theory for fluids with spin and intrinsic dilation charges. Using an entropy-current analysis, we derive constitutive relations featuring a bulk viscosity and a dilation conductivity governing the relaxation and diffusion of dilation charge. Linear mode analysis reveals a gapped dilation excitation and the freeze-out of long-wavelength sound modes, similar to the superhorizon modes in cosmology. In the nonrelativistic limit, the theory reduces to that of microstretch fluids. Upon coupling to electromagnetic field, we show that the scale anomaly permits additional contributions in the electric current, dilation current, and energy-momentum tensor. Our theory naturally applies to nearly conformal fluids undergoing rapid expansion or contraction.

Figures (1)

• Figure 1: The left (right) column exhibits the sound modes' dispersion relation of dilation-invariant hydrodynamics with a background expansion (contraction). We use units with $T_0 = 1$. So, all physical quantities are dimensionless. We take $p_0 = 16 \pi^2/90$, $\varepsilon_0 = 3 p_0$, $\eta = s/(4\pi)$, and $\zeta = \eta_s = \kappa_d = \chi_d = 1$. We also assume that $\upsilon_0 = \chi_d \lambda_0$, which is justified when $\lambda_0$ is small.