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Evaluating Performance Characteristic of Opportunistic Routing Protocols: A Case Study of the 2016 Italian League Match Earthquake in the Stadio Adriatico

Yihang Cao, Milena Radenkovic

Abstract

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) can provide emergency communication support when conventional infrastructure is disrupted during disasters. This paper evaluates the performance of opportunistic routing protocols in a realistic disaster scenario based on the 2016 Central Italy earthquake, modelled as an emergency occurring during a football match at Stadio Adriatico in Pescara. We identify multiple suitable groups of mobile and static nodes, such as audiences, a range of different emergency responders, stage sensors, and vehicles, to design and build evacuation and rescue activities in a partially connected environment. Two representative DTN routing protocols, Epidemic and Spray and Wait, are tested under identical simulation settings and compared using delivery probability, latency, overhead ratio, hop count and dropped messages. The results highlight that Spray and Wait provides a better balance between reliability and efficiency in this scenario, achieving higher delivery probability while reducing overhead and using network resources more efficiently. The study shows the usefulness of DTN simulation for analysing disaster communication performance in emergency response scenarios.

Evaluating Performance Characteristic of Opportunistic Routing Protocols: A Case Study of the 2016 Italian League Match Earthquake in the Stadio Adriatico

Abstract

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) can provide emergency communication support when conventional infrastructure is disrupted during disasters. This paper evaluates the performance of opportunistic routing protocols in a realistic disaster scenario based on the 2016 Central Italy earthquake, modelled as an emergency occurring during a football match at Stadio Adriatico in Pescara. We identify multiple suitable groups of mobile and static nodes, such as audiences, a range of different emergency responders, stage sensors, and vehicles, to design and build evacuation and rescue activities in a partially connected environment. Two representative DTN routing protocols, Epidemic and Spray and Wait, are tested under identical simulation settings and compared using delivery probability, latency, overhead ratio, hop count and dropped messages. The results highlight that Spray and Wait provides a better balance between reliability and efficiency in this scenario, achieving higher delivery probability while reducing overhead and using network resources more efficiently. The study shows the usefulness of DTN simulation for analysing disaster communication performance in emergency response scenarios.
Paper Structure (14 sections, 15 figures, 1 table)

This paper contains 14 sections, 15 figures, 1 table.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Related Work
  3. Methodology
  4. Earthquake In Football Stadium Emergency Scenario Design
  5. Node Groups and Mobility Assumptions
  6. Communication and Traffic Model
  7. Routing Protocols and Experimental Design
  8. Simulation Process
  9. The evaluation of the performance in the emergency scenario
  10. Evaluation Metrics
  11. Results and Analysis
  12. Conclusion and Future Work
  13. Conclusion
  14. Future Work

Figures (15)

  • Figure 1: Macroseismic intensity map of the 2016 Central Italy earthquake.
  • Figure 2: The scene of earthquake during Italian Serie A football match in the Stadio Adriatico.
  • Figure 3: Earthquake emergency scenario model in the ONE simulator.
  • Figure 4: Number of node groups design.
  • Figure 5: The design of audience group nodes.
  • ...and 10 more figures