Standard Perturbation Theory for Interacting Dark Sector cosmologies I: Breakdown of Einstein de Sitter kernels

Abstract

Interacting dark sector (IDS) models provide a commonly explored extension of the standard $Λ$CDM cosmology, allowing for non-gravitational energy--momentum exchange between cold dark matter (CDM) and dark energy (DE). Although such models can be constructed to reproduce the same background expansion history as $Λ$CDM, their impact on the growth of cosmic structures is fundamentally different and requires a careful treatment of cosmological perturbations. In this work, we develop the one-loop Standard Perturbation Theory (SPT) formalism for IDS cosmologies without invoking the Einstein--de~Sitter (EdS) approximation. We show that even weak dark sector interactions induce a non-trivial time dependence in the perturbative kernels, leading to a breakdown of the EdS approximation commonly assumed in $Λ$CDM analyses. By deriving and numerically solving the evolution equations for the second- and third-order kernels, we compute the corresponding one-loop corrections to the matter power spectrum and find that the resulting deviations can significantly exceed the percent level, even for small interaction strengths. Our results demonstrate that nonlinear corrections are systematically enhanced in IDS models and that neglecting the full time dependence of the kernels can lead to biased predictions on mildly nonlinear scales. These findings establish the necessity of a time-dependent perturbative treatment for IDS scenarios and provide a robust framework for precision tests using nonlinear large-scale structure (LSS) observables.

Figures (8)

• Figure 1: Redshift evolution of the coefficients appearing in the second-order kernel equations, shown relative to their EdS limits. In the $\Lambda$CDM case, the ratio $\Omega_{\rm m}/f^2$ deviates from unity by at most $\sim14\%$. For the IDS model with $\gamma=0.05$, the combinations $\Omega_{\rm m}/f_Q^2$, $(2f+g)/f_Q$, and $(3/2)\,\Omega_{\rm m}/f_Q^2+f/f_Q$ exhibit significantly larger departures from their EdS values, with deviations of at least $\sim40\%$.
• Figure 2: Deviation of the second-order kernels $F_2$ (left) and $G_2$ (right) in $\Lambda$CDM model relative to their EdS counterparts, shown as a function of redshift for the equilateral configuration ($r=1$).
• Figure 3: Deviation of the second-order kernels $F_3$ (left) and $G_3$ (right) in $\Lambda$CDM model relative to their EdS counterparts, shown as a function of redshift for the equilateral configuration ($r_2=1$ and $r_3=1$).
• Figure 4: Deviation of the second-order kernels $F_2$ (left) and $G_2$ (right) in IDS models relative to their EdS counterparts, shown as a function of redshift for the equilateral configuration ($r=1$).
• Figure 5: Deviation of the second-order kernels $F_2$ (left) and $G_2$ (right) in IDS models relative to their EdS counterparts, shown as a function of redshift for the equilateral configuration ($r=1$).