Speak or Stay Silent: Context-Aware Turn-Taking in Multi-Party Dialogue

TL;DR

This work forms context-aware turn-taking: at every detected pause, given the full conversation context, the method decides whether the assistant should speak or stay silent, suggesting that context-aware turn-taking is not an emergent capability; it must be explicitly trained.

Abstract

Existing voice AI assistants treat every detected pause as an invitation to speak. This works in dyadic dialogue, but in multi-party settings, where an AI assistant participates alongside multiple speakers, pauses are abundant and ambiguous. An assistant that speaks on every pause becomes disruptive rather than useful. In this work, we formulate context-aware turn-taking: at every detected pause, given the full conversation context, our method decides whether the assistant should speak or stay silent. We introduce a benchmark of over 120K labeled conversations spanning three multi-party corpora. Evaluating eight recent large language models, we find that they consistently fail at context-aware turn-taking under zero-shot prompting. We then propose a supervised fine-tuning approach with reasoning traces, improving balanced accuracy by up to 23 percentage points. Our findings suggest that context-aware turn-taking is not an emergent capability; it must be explicitly trained.

Figures (2)

• Figure 1: Traditional (a) vs. context-aware turn-taking (b) in Conversational AI.
• Figure 2: Overview of the proposed framework.