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Flexible Multi-Target Angular Emulation for Over-the-Air Testing of Large-Scale ISAC Base Stations: Principle and Experimental Verification

Chunhui Li, Hao Sun, Wei Fan

Abstract

Over-the-air (OTA) emulation of diverse sensing target characteristics in a controlled laboratory environment is pivotal for advancing integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technology, as it facilitates the non-invasive performance evaluation of ISAC base stations (BSs) across complex scenarios. In this work, a flexible multi-target OTA emulation framework based on a wireless cable method is proposed to evaluate the sensing performance of large-scale ISAC BSs. The core concept leverages an amplitude and phase modulation (APM) network to simultaneously establish wireless cables and simulate target spatial characteristics without consuming additional resources on costly radar target emulators. For the wireless cable method, the condition number increases as the number of antennas scales up, which affects the performance of the wireless cable. Although the wireless cable concept has been established for devices-under-test (DUTs) with a limited number of antenna ports, establishing wireless cables for large-scale DUTs remains an open question in the community. We address this problem by optimizing the OTA probe array configuration based on the theoretical properties of strictly diagonally dominant matrices. Experimental results validate the proposed framework, demonstrating high-isolation wireless cables for a 32-element DUT and an extremely low condition number for a 128-element synthetic array. Furthermore, the OTA emulation of a dynamic dual-drone scenario confirms the method's effectiveness and practicality in reproducing complex sensing environments.

Flexible Multi-Target Angular Emulation for Over-the-Air Testing of Large-Scale ISAC Base Stations: Principle and Experimental Verification

Abstract

Over-the-air (OTA) emulation of diverse sensing target characteristics in a controlled laboratory environment is pivotal for advancing integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technology, as it facilitates the non-invasive performance evaluation of ISAC base stations (BSs) across complex scenarios. In this work, a flexible multi-target OTA emulation framework based on a wireless cable method is proposed to evaluate the sensing performance of large-scale ISAC BSs. The core concept leverages an amplitude and phase modulation (APM) network to simultaneously establish wireless cables and simulate target spatial characteristics without consuming additional resources on costly radar target emulators. For the wireless cable method, the condition number increases as the number of antennas scales up, which affects the performance of the wireless cable. Although the wireless cable concept has been established for devices-under-test (DUTs) with a limited number of antenna ports, establishing wireless cables for large-scale DUTs remains an open question in the community. We address this problem by optimizing the OTA probe array configuration based on the theoretical properties of strictly diagonally dominant matrices. Experimental results validate the proposed framework, demonstrating high-isolation wireless cables for a 32-element DUT and an extremely low condition number for a 128-element synthetic array. Furthermore, the OTA emulation of a dynamic dual-drone scenario confirms the method's effectiveness and practicality in reproducing complex sensing environments.
Paper Structure (20 sections, 12 equations, 14 figures, 3 tables)

This paper contains 20 sections, 12 equations, 14 figures, 3 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Problem Statement and Proposed Framework
  3. Problem Statement
  4. Proposed Framework
  5. Framework Composition
  6. Target Scenario Signal Model
  7. Framework Configuration and Signal Model
  8. Discussion
  9. Large-Scale Wireless Cable Establishment: Principle and Experimental Validaiton
  10. Principle
  11. Experimental Validaiton
  12. Condition Number of C at Different Inter-Array Distances
  13. Condition Number of Large-Scale C
  14. Condition Number of C with Wider Pattern Probes
  15. Multi-Target Emulation Experiment
  16. ...and 5 more sections

Figures (14)

  • Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the RTS simulating targets for the ISAC BS.
  • Figure 2: Overview of the concept of this work. (a) A typical multi-target sensing scenario with a monostatic LOS sensing scheme. (b) The conventional conducted sensing test setup in liMultitargetFlexibleAngular2025. (c) The proposed OTA sensing test framework.
  • Figure 3: Detailed signal model of the proposed framework.
  • Figure 4: Experimental setup for investigating the characteristics of the propagation matrix. (a) Illustration of the measurement setup. (b) Photograph of the setup under laboratory conditions.
  • Figure 5: Experiment setup for different inter-array distances. (a) Photograph of the experimental setup. (b) Schematic of the waveguide antennas. (c) Radiation pattern of the waveguide antennas.
  • ...and 9 more figures