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Modeling brightness temperature of sunspots using ALMA single-dish observations

F. Matković, R. Brajša, A. O. Benz, H. -G. Ludwig, C. L. Selhorst, I. Skokić, D. Sudar, A. Hanslmeier

Abstract

We model sunspot brightness temperature in the wavelength range 0.3-10mm using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) single-dish measurements together with other instruments. Our modeling idea starts from an existing model, the 1D semi-empirical Avrett-Tian-Landi-Curdt-Wülser (ATLCW) model for sunspots. The original model is then modified in density and temperature with a constant factor over all heights. A least-square fit in both density and temperature to the observed values yields an improved model for sunspot brightness temperature. Observations show that sunspots are darker than QS at wavelengths below 2 mm and brighter beyond, while fitting of the ATLCW sunspot model imply that sunspots should be darker than QS over the entireALMArange. The best-fitted sunspot brightness temperature profiles resulted in 3.6-4.0 times lower sunspot density compared to the original sunspot ATLCW model, or 1.4-1.8 times higher density compared to QS. The temperature came out around 1.2 times higher than the original ATLCW predictions for sunspots, or 1.2 times lower than QS temperature. Even with improved density and temperature parameters, the remaining discrepancy between the bestfitted models and observations indicated that additional improvements are needed in the ATLCW model and modeling assumptions.

Modeling brightness temperature of sunspots using ALMA single-dish observations

Abstract

We model sunspot brightness temperature in the wavelength range 0.3-10mm using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) single-dish measurements together with other instruments. Our modeling idea starts from an existing model, the 1D semi-empirical Avrett-Tian-Landi-Curdt-Wülser (ATLCW) model for sunspots. The original model is then modified in density and temperature with a constant factor over all heights. A least-square fit in both density and temperature to the observed values yields an improved model for sunspot brightness temperature. Observations show that sunspots are darker than QS at wavelengths below 2 mm and brighter beyond, while fitting of the ATLCW sunspot model imply that sunspots should be darker than QS over the entireALMArange. The best-fitted sunspot brightness temperature profiles resulted in 3.6-4.0 times lower sunspot density compared to the original sunspot ATLCW model, or 1.4-1.8 times higher density compared to QS. The temperature came out around 1.2 times higher than the original ATLCW predictions for sunspots, or 1.2 times lower than QS temperature. Even with improved density and temperature parameters, the remaining discrepancy between the bestfitted models and observations indicated that additional improvements are needed in the ATLCW model and modeling assumptions.
Paper Structure (7 sections, 3 equations, 1 figure, 2 tables)

This paper contains 7 sections, 3 equations, 1 figure, 2 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Obtaining theoretical models and brightness temperature calculation
  3. Observational results
  4. ALMA data
  5. Other radio instruments
  6. Modeling results and comparison with observations
  7. Discussion and conclusions

Figures (1)

  • Figure 1: Calculated sunspot brightness temperature profiles obtained from the original ATLCW sunspot model (black dash-dotted curve) and modified ATLCW sunspot model (dashed Sunspot$\_$best$\_$fit curves) fitted to plotted ALMA, JCMT, and Nobeyama sunspot brightness temperature measurements obtained using measurement procedures "a" (red symbols) and "b" (blue symbols). Error bars for all measurements correspond to the assumed 5% measurement error for radio observations. The profile for the original ATLCW QS model (black solid curve) was adopted from Paper 1.