Interpreting the HI 21-cm cosmology maps through Largest Cluster Statistics III: Impact of the lightcone effect

Abstract

The redshifted 21-cm signal emitted by neutral Hydrogen (HI) is a promising probe to understand the evolution of the topology of ionized regions during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). The topology of ionized regions allows us to infer the nature and properties of ionizing sources, i.e., early galaxies and AGNs. Traditional Fourier statistics, such as the power spectrum, help us quantify the strength of fluctuations in this field at different length scales but do not preserve its phase information. Analyzing the 21-cm brightness temperature field in the image domain retains its non-Gaussian characteristics and morphological information. One such approach is to track the coalescence of multiple ionized regions to form one contiguous ionized region spanning the universe. This is referred to as percolation, and its onset is quantified by a sharp rise in the value of the Largest Cluster Statistic (LCS) approaching unity. In this work, we carry out a percolation analysis of 21-cm brightness temperature fields by studying the redshift evolution of the LCS along a lightcone to distinguish between several simulated reionization scenarios. We have extended previous results on reionization model comparison from the analysis of coeval 21-cm maps to understand how the lightcone effect biases the observed percolation behavior and affects the distinguishability of the source models. We estimate the LCS of subvolumes of different sizes in the 21-cm lightcone maps and study their redshift evolution for different reionization scenarios using a moving volume approach. We find that the percolation transition inferred from a lightcone approaches that from the coeval box as we increase the bandwidth of the moving volume in all but one reionization scenario.

Figures (5)

• Figure 1: Left: Corresponding slices cut along the line of sight of the 21-cm brightness temperature lightcone maps for the fiducial, clumping, PL3, UIB, and UV+SXR+UIB reionization scenarios. The horizontal axis is the line of sight with reionization progressing from right to left. The observed frequencies $\nu_{\rm obs}$ correspond to the frequencies at which the 21-cm emission from the redshift of the slice can be observed. Right: Corresponding slices of the same lightcone maps cut perpendicular to the line of sight at $z=7.91$.
• Figure 2: This figure illustrates the moving volume approach with the lightcone represented as a grey solid box and the moving volume represented as a black solid box. The figure on the left-hand side represents the first iteration, and the figure on the right-hand side represents the second iteration, where the moving volume is moved by one grid unit.
• Figure 3: Evolution of the LCS (left) and FF (right) of moving volumes of different spectral bandwidths $\Delta \nu$ with their observed central frequency $\nu_{\rm obs}$ for the fiducial 21-cm lightcone.
• Figure 4: Evolution of the LCS of moving volumes with their observed central frequency $\nu_{\rm obs}$ along lightcones of different reionization scenarios at spectral bandwidths $\Delta\nu =$$3$ MHz (top left), $9$ MHz (top right), and $15$ MHz (bottom). The vertical lines denote the observed frequency at which percolation transition occurs for the coeval 21-cm map of the corresponding reionization scenario.
• Figure 5: Slices of the PL($n=3$) model lightcone perpendicular to the line of sight at $\nu_{\rm obs} = 145$ MHz, $150$ MHz, and $155$ MHz.