The road of quantum entanglement: from Einstein to 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics
Yu Shi
TL;DR
The paper surveys how quantum entanglement challenges local realism and how Bell inequalities provide a quantitative test. It traces the historical development from Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen to Bell–CHSH tests and landmark experiments that closed locality, detection, and free-choice loopholes. Key contributions include the operationalization of CHSH, demonstrations of entanglement, teleportation, entanglement swapping, and satellite-based quantum communication. The results underpin the second quantum revolution by turning entanglement into a practical resource for quantum information technologies.
Abstract
We explain the achievements that were awarded 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, as well as the preceding and the later developments. The main notions and historic cornerstones of Bell inequalities, the related researches on quantum entanglement are reviewed, and the key physical ideas are emphasized. Among the early work, C. S. Wu's contributions using polarization-entangled photons from electron-positron annihilation are introduced.