Gluon knots as the dynamical core of baryons

Abstract

We propose a conjectural picture of baryon structure in which gluon knots, a type of topologically nontrivial configuration of color--magnetic monopole condensates, forms the dynamical core of the baryon. Within this framework, quarks interact with the gluon knot via abelian-dominated color-electric fields, which are squeezed into flux tubes by the dual Meissner effect, leading naturally to quark confinement. The color--magnetic fields associated with the gluon knot also induce a local chiral condensate, contributing to spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and the baryon mass. Extending this conjecture to heavy-flavor mesons, we argue that stable flux tubes and gluon knots may also play a role in their internal structure, whereas light-flavor mesons are dominated by alternative confinement mechanisms. Our approach provides a unified, topologically motivated picture linking confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and the internal dynamics of baryons and certain mesons, suggesting that gluon knots constitute fundamental infrared degrees of freedom of Yang--Mills theory.

Figures (3)

• Figure 1: Schematic illustration of a gluon knot. Color--magnetic monopoles (red points) and anti--color--magnetic monopoles condense to form a knot structure; the simplest Trefoil knot is shown here. The monopoles and anti--monopoles undergo collective motion, generating color--magnetic currents, with arrows indicating the direction of motion.
• Figure 2: Schematic illustration of the conjectured baryon structure. Three valence quarks are immersed in and confined by the gluon-knot background, which forms the dense core of the baryon.
• Figure 3: Schematic illustration of the conjectured heavy-flavor meson structure. A heavy-flavor quark--antiquark pair is immersed in and confined by the gluon-knot background, forming the core of the meson.