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Resilient Hierarchical Power Control for Hybrid GFL/GFM Microgrids Under Mixed Cyber-Attacks and Physical Constraints

Lifu Ding, Chunhui Hou, Yutong Li, Qinmin Yang

TL;DR

The paper addresses the challenge of coordinating hybrid GFL/GFM microgrids under physical constraints and cyber threats by introducing a Resilient Hierarchical Power Control (RHPC). It unifies long-term economic dispatch with real-time regulation through a standardized power increment, employs a dynamic activation-projection mechanism to handle GFL saturation, and enhances resilience with a multi-scale attention module and an LSTM predictor to combat unbounded FDI and packet loss, proving Uniformly Ultimately Bounded ($UUB$) stability. Case studies on a modified IEEE 33-bus system demonstrate improved power-sharing accuracy and operational resilience in both grid-connected and islanded modes, with significant gains over conventional methods, particularly in preventing integrator wind-up during saturation and maintaining stability under cyber-attacks. The proposed approach offers a scalable, cyber-resilient framework for reliable operation of hybrid microgrids, with potential extensions to decentralized tertiary optimization.

Abstract

Hybrid microgrids integrating Grid-Following (GFL) and Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters present complex control challenges arising from the decoupling between long-term economic dispatch and real-time dynamic regulation, as well as the distinct physical limitations of heterogeneous inverters under cyber uncertainties. This paper proposes a Resilient Hierarchical Power Control (RHPC) strategy to unify these conflicting requirements within a cohesive framework. A standardized power increment mechanism is developed to bridge the tertiary and secondary layers, ensuring that real-time load fluctuations are compensated strictly according to the optimal economic ratios derived from the tertiary layer. To address the strict active power saturation constraints of GFL units, a dynamic activation scheme coupled with projection operators is introduced, which actively isolates saturated nodes from the consensus loop to prevent integrator wind-up and preserve the stability of the GFM backbone. Furthermore, the proposed framework incorporates a multi-scale attention mechanism and LSTM-based predictors into the secondary control protocol, endowing the system with robustness against unbounded False Data Injection (FDI) attacks and packet losses. Rigorous theoretical analysis confirms that the system achieves Uniformly Ultimately Bounded (UUB) convergence, and simulations on a modified IEEE 33-bus system demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly improves power sharing accuracy and operational resilience in both grid-connected and islanded modes compared to conventional methods.

Resilient Hierarchical Power Control for Hybrid GFL/GFM Microgrids Under Mixed Cyber-Attacks and Physical Constraints

TL;DR

The paper addresses the challenge of coordinating hybrid GFL/GFM microgrids under physical constraints and cyber threats by introducing a Resilient Hierarchical Power Control (RHPC). It unifies long-term economic dispatch with real-time regulation through a standardized power increment, employs a dynamic activation-projection mechanism to handle GFL saturation, and enhances resilience with a multi-scale attention module and an LSTM predictor to combat unbounded FDI and packet loss, proving Uniformly Ultimately Bounded () stability. Case studies on a modified IEEE 33-bus system demonstrate improved power-sharing accuracy and operational resilience in both grid-connected and islanded modes, with significant gains over conventional methods, particularly in preventing integrator wind-up during saturation and maintaining stability under cyber-attacks. The proposed approach offers a scalable, cyber-resilient framework for reliable operation of hybrid microgrids, with potential extensions to decentralized tertiary optimization.

Abstract

Hybrid microgrids integrating Grid-Following (GFL) and Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters present complex control challenges arising from the decoupling between long-term economic dispatch and real-time dynamic regulation, as well as the distinct physical limitations of heterogeneous inverters under cyber uncertainties. This paper proposes a Resilient Hierarchical Power Control (RHPC) strategy to unify these conflicting requirements within a cohesive framework. A standardized power increment mechanism is developed to bridge the tertiary and secondary layers, ensuring that real-time load fluctuations are compensated strictly according to the optimal economic ratios derived from the tertiary layer. To address the strict active power saturation constraints of GFL units, a dynamic activation scheme coupled with projection operators is introduced, which actively isolates saturated nodes from the consensus loop to prevent integrator wind-up and preserve the stability of the GFM backbone. Furthermore, the proposed framework incorporates a multi-scale attention mechanism and LSTM-based predictors into the secondary control protocol, endowing the system with robustness against unbounded False Data Injection (FDI) attacks and packet losses. Rigorous theoretical analysis confirms that the system achieves Uniformly Ultimately Bounded (UUB) convergence, and simulations on a modified IEEE 33-bus system demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly improves power sharing accuracy and operational resilience in both grid-connected and islanded modes compared to conventional methods.
Paper Structure (23 sections, 3 theorems, 20 equations, 9 figures, 1 table, 1 algorithm)

This paper contains 23 sections, 3 theorems, 20 equations, 9 figures, 1 table, 1 algorithm.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Problem Formulation
  3. Physical Characteristics and Heterogeneity
  4. Hierarchical Power Fluctuation Modeling
  5. Standardized Increment as Consensus Variable
  6. Mixed Cyber-Layer Fault Modeling
  7. Unbounded False Data Injection
  8. Probabilistic Packet Loss and Delay
  9. Hierarchical Coordinated Control Strategy
  10. Tertiary-Secondary Information Exchange Framework
  11. Resilient Control Protocol with Multi-Scale Attention
  12. Active Constraint Handling Mechanism
  13. Stability Analysis
  14. Preliminaries and Lemmas
  15. Main Stability Theorem
  16. ...and 8 more sections

Key Result

Lemma 1

Let $\mathcal{C} \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ be a non-empty closed convex set. The projection operator $\mathscr{P}_{\mathcal{C}}(\cdot)$ is non-expansive, satisfying the inequality:

Figures (9)

  • Figure 1: The proposed tertiary-secondary hierarchical coordinated control framework.
  • Figure 2: Topology of the modified IEEE 33-bus hybrid microgrid system.
  • Figure 3: Communication topology for the hybrid GFL/GFM system.
  • Figure 4: Total active and reactive load fluctuations in grid-connected mode.
  • Figure 5: Dynamic response in grid-connected mode using the Proposed strategy (With Activation Function).
  • ...and 4 more figures

Theorems & Definitions (3)

  • Lemma 1
  • Lemma 2
  • Theorem 1