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MARVEL Analysis of the Measured High-resolution Spectra of CO Isotopologues

Timur Grigorev, Yuhang Dai, Max Potter, Xiaoyu Xiang, Keyu Zhang, Jonathan Tennyson

TL;DR

This paper applies the MARVEL method to five stable CO isotopologues to derive precise rovibrational energy levels by compiling high-resolution transitions from 27 literature sources. It constructs spectroscopic networks and solves a weighted least-squares problem to obtain empirical energy levels, producing 863, 499, 33, 345 and 45 levels for $^{13}$C$^{16}$O, $^{12}$C$^{18}$O, $^{12}$C$^{17}$O, $^{13}$C$^{18}$O and $^{13}$C$^{17}$O, respectively. The resulting energies show good agreement with HITRAN within MARVEL uncertainties and offer improved accuracy for many states, with correlations reflecting isotopologue abundances and data availability. The dataset provides a robust basis for high-precision line lists and future extrapolation or machine-learning efforts to predict missing levels, particularly in hot astrophysical environments.

Abstract

Carbon monoxide is thought to be the second most abundant molecule in the Universe. This makes observation of both its parent isotopologue ($^{12}$C$^{16}$O) and its stable isotopologues, $^{13}$C$^{16}$O, $^{12}$C$^{18}$O, $^{12}$C$^{17}$O, $^{13}$C$^{18}$O and $^{13}$C$^{17}$O, important in variety of objects. Here the MARVEL (Measured Active Rotational-Vibrational Energy Levels) algorithm is used to determine precise rotational vibrational energy levels for the five minor isotopologues of carbon monoxide in their electronic ground state. A review of 27 literature sources yields 3716, 1454, 89, 728 and 57 validated transitions for $^{13}$C$^{16}$O, $^{12}$C$^{18}$O, $^{12}$C$^{17}$O, $^{13}$C$^{18}$O and $^{13}$C$^{17}$O, respectively, giving 863, 499, 33, 345 and 45 empirically determined, rotation vibration energy levels, respectively.

MARVEL Analysis of the Measured High-resolution Spectra of CO Isotopologues

TL;DR

This paper applies the MARVEL method to five stable CO isotopologues to derive precise rovibrational energy levels by compiling high-resolution transitions from 27 literature sources. It constructs spectroscopic networks and solves a weighted least-squares problem to obtain empirical energy levels, producing 863, 499, 33, 345 and 45 levels for CO, CO, CO, CO and CO, respectively. The resulting energies show good agreement with HITRAN within MARVEL uncertainties and offer improved accuracy for many states, with correlations reflecting isotopologue abundances and data availability. The dataset provides a robust basis for high-precision line lists and future extrapolation or machine-learning efforts to predict missing levels, particularly in hot astrophysical environments.

Abstract

Carbon monoxide is thought to be the second most abundant molecule in the Universe. This makes observation of both its parent isotopologue (CO) and its stable isotopologues, CO, CO, CO, CO and CO, important in variety of objects. Here the MARVEL (Measured Active Rotational-Vibrational Energy Levels) algorithm is used to determine precise rotational vibrational energy levels for the five minor isotopologues of carbon monoxide in their electronic ground state. A review of 27 literature sources yields 3716, 1454, 89, 728 and 57 validated transitions for CO, CO, CO, CO and CO, respectively, giving 863, 499, 33, 345 and 45 empirically determined, rotation vibration energy levels, respectively.
Paper Structure (11 sections, 4 equations, 2 figures, 11 tables)

This paper contains 11 sections, 4 equations, 2 figures, 11 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Methodological Details
  3. MARVEL
  4. Quantum Numbers
  5. Overview of the Literature
  6. Comments on the Data Sources (Table \ref{['tab:LitTable']})
  7. Results and discussion
  8. MARVEL Energy Levels
  9. Summary and Conclusions
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. MARVEL files

Figures (2)

  • Figure 1: A simple spectroscopic network
  • Figure 2: Ro-vibrational energy the CO isotopologues as a function of $J$ rotational quantum number.