Power and Control in Complex Networks: A Taxonomy and Critical Review

TL;DR

This paper tackles the fragmentation of methods for measuring structural power in complex networks by proposing a taxonomy that groups six methodological families—centrality-based, game-theoretic, concentration, flow-based, optimization, and hybrid measures—around two core mechanisms: ultimate controllers ($UO$) and intermediary power ($IP$). It systematically maps classic and contemporary approaches to these families, analyzes their ability to identify $UO$ and $IP$, and provides a qualitative comparative assessment of their strengths and limitations. The work introduces and discusses representative indices and models (e.g., $SS$, $C_D$, NCV, $NPI$, $NPF$, IC, CCP, $\Phi$, $\pi$, $\pi'$, $PR$, Katz) and emphasizes the value of hybrid approaches that merge decisional and propagative dynamics. By offering a coherent framework that integrates applications to corporate control, global value chains, and political networks, the paper guides future research toward more unified, robust, and actionable measures of power in complex ownership and influence networks.

Abstract

This paper reviews the main network analysis methods used to measure structural power, which refers to the ability to shape outcomes through network position and influence, and the ability to affect others through network connections. These approaches have been applied in fields such as corporate control, global value chains, and technology supply networks. Despite significant advances, a unified framework that systematically connects these methodologies to their conceptual foundations has yet to emerge. To fill this gap, the paper introduces a taxonomy that categorizes existing methods into six families: centrality-based approaches, game-theoretic models, concentration measures, flow-based methods, optimization frameworks, and hybrid approaches that combine elements from different approaches. This classification clarifies their assumptions, analytical focus, and relative strengths, offering a coherent view of how power is structured and transmitted in complex economic and political systems. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions to refine hybrid models linking decision-making and network flows.

Figures (1)

• Figure 1: The figure summarizes the six main methodological families used to measure structural power and control in complex networks.