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Application of Hybrid Chain Storage Framework in Energy Trading and Carbon Asset Management

Yinghan Hou, Zongyou Yang, Xiaokun Yang

TL;DR

This work tackles the cost-audit tension in high-frequency energy trading and carbon asset management by introducing a hybrid on-chain/off-chain settlement framework. It anchors essential commitments on-chain while keeping settlement details off-chain, linked via deterministic digests such as $\text{digest} = \text{keccak256}(offChainData)$ and verified through replayable auditing. Key innovations include a constant-time RSA accumulator for membership verification, a carbon asset lifecycle invariant enforced on-chain, and a two-layer identity-gated selective disclosure mechanism to protect privacy. Empirical results show a ~39% reduction in on-chain gas costs, robust tamper detection (100% in Exp1), and reliable lifecycle conservation, demonstrating practical feasibility for audit-intensive and high-frequency infrastructures. The framework offers a scalable path to trustworthy, cost-efficient settlement in decentralized energy and carbon markets, without requiring full on-chain disclosure of sensitive data.

Abstract

Distributed energy trading and carbon asset management involve high-frequency, small-value settlements with strong audit requirements. Fully on-chain designs incur excessive cost, while purely off-chain approaches lack verifiable consistency. This paper presents a hybrid on-chain and off-chain settlement framework that anchors settlement commitments and key constraints on-chain and links off-chain records through deterministic digests and replayable auditing. Experiments under publicly constrained workloads show that the framework significantly reduces on-chain execution and storage cost while preserving audit trustworthiness.

Application of Hybrid Chain Storage Framework in Energy Trading and Carbon Asset Management

TL;DR

This work tackles the cost-audit tension in high-frequency energy trading and carbon asset management by introducing a hybrid on-chain/off-chain settlement framework. It anchors essential commitments on-chain while keeping settlement details off-chain, linked via deterministic digests such as and verified through replayable auditing. Key innovations include a constant-time RSA accumulator for membership verification, a carbon asset lifecycle invariant enforced on-chain, and a two-layer identity-gated selective disclosure mechanism to protect privacy. Empirical results show a ~39% reduction in on-chain gas costs, robust tamper detection (100% in Exp1), and reliable lifecycle conservation, demonstrating practical feasibility for audit-intensive and high-frequency infrastructures. The framework offers a scalable path to trustworthy, cost-efficient settlement in decentralized energy and carbon markets, without requiring full on-chain disclosure of sensitive data.

Abstract

Distributed energy trading and carbon asset management involve high-frequency, small-value settlements with strong audit requirements. Fully on-chain designs incur excessive cost, while purely off-chain approaches lack verifiable consistency. This paper presents a hybrid on-chain and off-chain settlement framework that anchors settlement commitments and key constraints on-chain and links off-chain records through deterministic digests and replayable auditing. Experiments under publicly constrained workloads show that the framework significantly reduces on-chain execution and storage cost while preserving audit trustworthiness.
Paper Structure (33 sections, 7 equations, 5 figures, 2 tables)

This paper contains 33 sections, 7 equations, 5 figures, 2 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Related Work
  3. Blockchain for Distributed Energy Trading
  4. Blockchain for Carbon Asset Management and Integrity Constraints
  5. Privacy Preserving Validation and Commitments
  6. Gap and Positioning of This Work
  7. Problem Statement and Design Goals
  8. Scenario Definition
  9. Assumptions and Goals
  10. System Overview
  11. System Components and Boundaries
  12. Audit Core Formulation and Complexity
  13. Carbon Asset Consistency
  14. Two-Layer Gated Selective Disclosure
  15. Trust Model
  16. ...and 18 more sections

Figures (5)

  • Figure 1: Overall system architecture and trust boundary. The off-chain layer constructs deterministic digests from full records, while the on-chain layer anchors commitments and enforces constraints.
  • Figure 2: Core on-chain mechanisms. (a) Constant-time RSA accumulator verification with off-chain witness maintenance. (b) Carbon asset lifecycle conservation enforced by balance invariants. (c) Selective disclosure based on Merkle root commitments with identity-gated access control.
  • Figure 3: Amortized gas per transaction versus batch size
  • Figure 4: Hourly total gas consumption over twenty-four hours
  • Figure 5: Gas per transaction over twenty-four hours under capacity constraints