Can Dynamic Spectrum Sharing Protect Passive Radio Sciences?

TL;DR

The paper questions whether Dynamic Spectrum Sharing can safely protect passive radio sciences such as radio astronomy, remote sensing, and meteorology, given their extreme sensitivity to radio frequency interference. It develops a framework combining propagation-aware engineering, policy design, and game-theoretic analysis to show that unconditional sharing fails and that protection hinges on high reliability, credible attribution, and enforceable consequences. A central proposal is Just-in-Time Quiet Zones (JITQZ) within a hybrid protection framework that keeps core passive bands statically protected while permitting constrained dynamic access in adjacent bands. The work argues that DSS can yield value only if propagation uncertainties are explicitly accounted for, monitoring is carefully engineered to avoid adding interference, and attribution mechanisms (notably pseudonymetry) are deployed to sustain compliance and enforcement. Overall, dynamic sharing may support passive sciences, but only as a high-reliability, safety-critical system with tiered protections and robust governance across decades of operation.

Abstract

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) is increasingly promoted as a key element of modern spectrum policy, driven by the rising demand from commercial wireless systems and advances in spectrum access technologies. Passive radio sciences, including radio astronomy, Earth remote sensing, and meteorology, operate under fundamentally different constraints. They rely on exceptionally low interference spectrum and are highly vulnerable to even brief radio frequency interference. We examine whether DSS can benefit passive services or whether it introduces new failure modes and enforcement challenges. We propose just-in-time quiet zones (JITQZ) as a mechanism for protecting high value observations and assess hybrid frameworks that preserve static protection for core passive bands while allowing constrained dynamic access in adjacent frequencies. We analyze the roles of propagation uncertainty, electromagnetic compatibility constraints, and limited spectrum awareness. Using a game theoretic framework, we show why non-cooperative sharing fails, identify conditions for sustained cooperation, and examine incentive mechanisms including pseudonymetry-enabled attribution that promote compliance. We conclude that DSS can support passive radio sciences only as a high-reliability, safety-critical system. Static allocations remain essential, and dynamic access is viable only with conservative safeguards and enforceable accountability.