Constructing the Padmanabhan Holographic Model in a BIonic System

TL;DR

The paper investigates Padmanabhan's emergent-space idea within a BIon brane system, where two branes joined by a wormhole host universes on each brane. By formulating energy release from forming higher-dimensional branes and from compactifying extra dimensions as a driver of a surface-bulk degrees-of-freedom imbalance, the authors derive how the Hubble parameter evolves in time and redshift in this context. They establish explicit H^2 expressions for the single-brane case and extend to a hierarchy across brane-dissolution steps, showing that brane dynamics can replicate standard cosmological behavior and predict how entropy, mass, and metric parameters co-evolve. The work provides a string-theoretic, brane-based mechanism that connects microphysical brane processes to macro-scale cosmic expansion, aligning with Padmanabhan's emergent-space paradigm and potentially informing observable H(z) behavior.

Abstract

Recently, Padmanabhan has argued that a difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the surface and the number in a bulk causes the expansion of the universe. We can reconsider this idea in a BIon system. A Bion is formed from two branes that are connected by a wormhole. Our universe may live on one of these branes. Each brane could be formed by joining lower-dimensional branes, such as $D_1$ ones. By joining $D_1$ branes, a $D_n$ brane is formed, and some amounts of energy are released. Then, perhaps some dimensions are compacted, and a certain amount of energy is released. These energies cause a significant difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the surface and in the bulk of branes. This causes the evolution of the universe and many changes in thermodynamic parameters, such as entropy, as well as cosmic parameters, including the Hubble constant. We obtain the standard form of the Hubble parameter and its dependency on redshift in a Bion system.