Profusion of Symmetry-Protected Qubits from Stable Ergodicity Breaking

Abstract

We show how combining a discrete symmetry with topological Hilbert space fragmentation can give rise to exponentially many topologically stable qubits protected by a single discrete symmetry. We illustrate this explicitly with the example of the $\mathsf{CZ}_p$ model, where the encoded qubits are stable to arbitrary symmetry-respecting perturbations for parametrically long times, substantially enhancing the robustness of a recently proposed construction based on nontopological fragmentation. In this model, the encoded qubits naturally come in pairs for which a universal set of transversal logical gates can be performed, ruling out (by the Eastin-Knill theorem) the possibility of using them for quantum error correction. We also comment on the combination of symmetry enrichment and topological fragmentation more generally, and the implications for use of systems exhibiting Hilbert space fragmentation as quantum memories.

Figures (2)

• Figure 1: Schematic depiction of the two-qubit logical space spanned by a set of four symmetry-related frozen states. Blue and red lines represent domain walls on the $A$ and $B$ sublattices, respectively. Frozen states are connected by applying symmetry generators $X_{A(B)}$. Any superposition of these four states remains frozen under dynamics generated by Eq. \ref{['eq:Heff']}.
• Figure 2: Schematic depiction of the logical $\mathsf{CNOT}$ gate defined in Eq. \ref{['eq:CNOT']}. This transversal logical $\mathsf{CNOT}$ gate is defined relative to the set of frozen states depicted in Fig. \ref{['fig:qubits']}.