Selected topics on: 1) proposal of interpreting the Crab supernova with a GRB 2) progress in identifying the seven GRBs episodes 3) the role of Sagittarius A in identifying the dark matter component (the X fermion)

TL;DR

This paper synthesizes fifty years of relativistic astrophysics by linking GRB physics to a reinterpretation of the Crab Nebula within the Binary-Driven Hypernova (BdHN) framework, highlighting seven episodes in BdHN I and key GRBs such as 190114C, 220101A, and 221009A. It analyzes energy extraction from rotating Kerr black holes, contrasting gravitational Penrose-type mechanisms with electrodynamical PEMB dynamics, and presents the Kerr-Newman mass-energy relation to quantify extractable energy. It presents the first systematic SN study associated with GRBs, identifies seven BdHN I episodes, and connects GRB phenomenology to SN outcomes and X-fermion dark matter models, including implications for the Galactic Center (Sgr A*) and JWST discoveries of Little Red Dots. The findings offer a cohesive framework linking high-energy GRB physics, SN explosions, and DM-driven structure formation, with practical impact on future X-ray missions and constraints on DM particle masses.

Abstract

As the fiftieth anniversary of our common effort in the field of relativistic astrophysics is approaching, we offer a new look to some of our acquired knowledge in a more complete view, which evidence previous unnoticed connections. They are gaining due prominence in reaching a more complete picture evidencing the main results. We outline the history of GRB observations along with a summary of the contributions made by our group to develop the BdHN interpreting model. We show the seven Episodes characterizing the most powerful BdHNe I occurred to date: GRB 190114C and GRB 220101A. New inferences for the explanation of the highest energy radiation in the TeV are presented.

Figures (35)

• Figure 1: The filamentary structure of the synchrotron emission from the Crab Nebula. Credit: NASA/ESA.
• Figure 2: The time varying emission of the star NP0532 turning on and off with characteristic period of $33$ ms. Credit: N.A.Sharp/AURA/NOAO/NSF.
• Figure 3: The spectra of the Crab Nebula obtained by vast number of instruments, given in Table \ref{['tab:crab_obs_instruments']}.
• Figure 4: The oldest and most detailed accounts of the SN 1054 are from Song Huiyao and Song Shi, with the apparition's date of 4 July. This figure was reproduced from the book "Gravitation" by C.W. Misner, K.S Thorne, J.A. Wheeler.
• Figure 5: The extrapolation after $971$ year of the GRB 1901114C has been obtained with a common power-law decay for the optical, X-ray and GeV afterglows, having assumed a boresight angle of the source within 68 degrees for Fermi LAT data, and further assumed that the beaming angle of the source in the GeV is along the line of sight. See however Fig. \ref{['fig:crab_190114c_imprint']}. The comparison with the Crab optical, KeV and GeV current spectrum is made in the Fig. \ref{['fig:crab_190114c_imprint']}. The dates of 3rd and 4th of July 1054 are referred with the apparition of the GRB near the rising horizon in America, at the meridian in Constantinoples and Egypt and on the following day in China, see also Fig. \ref{['fig:airmass_at_sn']}. This figure is reproduced from Ruffini and Sigismondi (2024).