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High efficiency controlled quantum secure direct communication with 4D qudits and Grover search algorithm

Ni-Shi Lu, Ping Zhou

TL;DR

<3-5 sentence high-level summary> Facing the trade-off among efficiency, security, and controllability in quantum secure direct communication (QSDC), the paper proposes a tripartite CQSDC protocol using four-dimensional qudits, a deterministic Grover-based decoding sequence, and decoy-state authentication. The key theoretical contribution is a Deterministic Decoding Theorem showing that a specific sequence of unitaries deterministically maps a symmetric 4D initial state to the target message, enabling direct decoding without classical post-processing. The paper reports a qudit efficiency of 66.7%, surpassing existing schemes, and provides a security analysis against man-in-the-middle, intercept-resend, entangle-measure, and Trojan horse attacks, with decoy photons binding to identity sequences for authentication. Experimental feasibility is argued for with current photonic technologies (MPLC, SPDC, time/spatial modes), suggesting practical demonstration in the near term. Overall, the work offers a scalable, secure framework for multi-party quantum networks leveraging high-dimensional encoding and deterministic quantum search.

Abstract

Currently, the progress of quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is impeded by a fundamental trade off among control efficiency, security, and scalability. This study proposes an innovative controlled QSDC protocol based on a collaborative unitary sequence decoding paradigm to break this deadlock.Leveraging four dimensional single particle states, the protocol's core innovation lies in its three party decoding mechanism. The controller's authorization unlocks a specific unitary operation sequence, enabling the receiver to directly decode exclusively via quantum operations, eliminating the need for classical computational algorithms in conventional protocols. This tailored sequence underpins its high efficiency.The protocol also seamlessly incorporates decoy photon authentication, creating a multi layer defense against both external and internal attacks. Consequently, it achieves a remarkable qudit efficiency of 66.7%, offering a significant performance improvement over existing schemes and an efficient, highly secure solution for future quantum networks.

High efficiency controlled quantum secure direct communication with 4D qudits and Grover search algorithm

TL;DR

<3-5 sentence high-level summary> Facing the trade-off among efficiency, security, and controllability in quantum secure direct communication (QSDC), the paper proposes a tripartite CQSDC protocol using four-dimensional qudits, a deterministic Grover-based decoding sequence, and decoy-state authentication. The key theoretical contribution is a Deterministic Decoding Theorem showing that a specific sequence of unitaries deterministically maps a symmetric 4D initial state to the target message, enabling direct decoding without classical post-processing. The paper reports a qudit efficiency of 66.7%, surpassing existing schemes, and provides a security analysis against man-in-the-middle, intercept-resend, entangle-measure, and Trojan horse attacks, with decoy photons binding to identity sequences for authentication. Experimental feasibility is argued for with current photonic technologies (MPLC, SPDC, time/spatial modes), suggesting practical demonstration in the near term. Overall, the work offers a scalable, secure framework for multi-party quantum networks leveraging high-dimensional encoding and deterministic quantum search.

Abstract

Currently, the progress of quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is impeded by a fundamental trade off among control efficiency, security, and scalability. This study proposes an innovative controlled QSDC protocol based on a collaborative unitary sequence decoding paradigm to break this deadlock.Leveraging four dimensional single particle states, the protocol's core innovation lies in its three party decoding mechanism. The controller's authorization unlocks a specific unitary operation sequence, enabling the receiver to directly decode exclusively via quantum operations, eliminating the need for classical computational algorithms in conventional protocols. This tailored sequence underpins its high efficiency.The protocol also seamlessly incorporates decoy photon authentication, creating a multi layer defense against both external and internal attacks. Consequently, it achieves a remarkable qudit efficiency of 66.7%, offering a significant performance improvement over existing schemes and an efficient, highly secure solution for future quantum networks.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 16 sections, 9 equations, 1 figure, 3 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Quantum Search Algorithm for Four Dimensional Single Particle System
  3. Definition of Core Operators and the Symmetric Initial State Set
  4. Deterministic Decoding Theorem for Tripartite Controlled Communication​
  5. Description of the proposed CQSDC protocol
  6. Executing Procedure of proposed CQSDC Protocol
  7. Security Analysis
  8. Controlling Parties
  9. Man-in-the-Middle Attack
  10. Entangle and Measure Attack
  11. Intercept-and-Resend Attack
  12. Trojan Horse Attack
  13. Comparison and Experimental Feasibility Analysis
  14. Performance Evaluation Comparison
  15. Experimental Feasibility Analysis
  16. ...and 1 more sections

Figures (1)

  • Figure 1: The red curve represents the detection probability of the proposed protocol, while the blue curve represents that of the other protocol. Both curves illustrate the relationship between the detection probability $P$ and the number of decoy particles $k$. The red curve rises more rapidly, approaching 1 even at smaller values of $k$, whereas the blue curve increases more gradually.