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5D Rotating Black Holes as dark matter in Dark Dimension Scenario: Hawking Radiation versus the Memory Burden Effect

George K. Leontaris, George Prampromis

TL;DR

The paper assesses whether five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes on a 4D brane can account for all or a significant fraction of dark matter within the Dark Dimension scenario, where a micron-scale extra dimension suppresses Hawking evaporation. By computing brane-localized greybody factors for 5D Kerr black holes and solving the coupled evolution of mass and angular momentum, the authors show that a substantial spin-down occurs over $\\tau_{sd} \\sim 10^9$ years, leaving a sizeable Schwarzschild remnant whose further evaporation is also slowed in 5D. Incorporating the memory-burden effect markedly extends PBH lifetimes, enabling PBHs with initial masses as low as $\\sim 10^{10}$ g to survive to today. Collectively, these results strengthen the viability of rotating 5D PBHs as dark matter candidates in the Dark Dimension framework, with the memory burden providing a robust mechanism to suppress late-time evaporation and relax observational bounds. The work thereby highlights a concrete, testable connection between swampland-inspired extra dimensions, higher-dimensional black hole physics, and the dark matter problem.

Abstract

This work explores the possibility that five-dimensional primordial rotating black holes could account for all, or a significant portion, of the dark matter in our universe. Our analysis is performed within the context of the ``dark dimension'' scenario, a theoretical consequence of the Swampland Program that predicts a single micron-scale extra dimension to explain the observed value of dark energy. We demonstrate that within this scenario, the mass loss of a primordial rotating black hole sensitive to the fifth dimension is significantly slower than that of its four-dimensional counterpart. Consequently, primordial black holes with an initial mass of $M\gtrsim 10^{10}$g can survive to the present day and potentially constitute the dominant form of dark matter. Finally, we investigate the memory burden effect and find that it dramatically prolongs the lifetime of five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes, making them compelling candidates for all the dark matter in the universe.

5D Rotating Black Holes as dark matter in Dark Dimension Scenario: Hawking Radiation versus the Memory Burden Effect

TL;DR

The paper assesses whether five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes on a 4D brane can account for all or a significant fraction of dark matter within the Dark Dimension scenario, where a micron-scale extra dimension suppresses Hawking evaporation. By computing brane-localized greybody factors for 5D Kerr black holes and solving the coupled evolution of mass and angular momentum, the authors show that a substantial spin-down occurs over years, leaving a sizeable Schwarzschild remnant whose further evaporation is also slowed in 5D. Incorporating the memory-burden effect markedly extends PBH lifetimes, enabling PBHs with initial masses as low as g to survive to today. Collectively, these results strengthen the viability of rotating 5D PBHs as dark matter candidates in the Dark Dimension framework, with the memory burden providing a robust mechanism to suppress late-time evaporation and relax observational bounds. The work thereby highlights a concrete, testable connection between swampland-inspired extra dimensions, higher-dimensional black hole physics, and the dark matter problem.

Abstract

This work explores the possibility that five-dimensional primordial rotating black holes could account for all, or a significant portion, of the dark matter in our universe. Our analysis is performed within the context of the ``dark dimension'' scenario, a theoretical consequence of the Swampland Program that predicts a single micron-scale extra dimension to explain the observed value of dark energy. We demonstrate that within this scenario, the mass loss of a primordial rotating black hole sensitive to the fifth dimension is significantly slower than that of its four-dimensional counterpart. Consequently, primordial black holes with an initial mass of g can survive to the present day and potentially constitute the dominant form of dark matter. Finally, we investigate the memory burden effect and find that it dramatically prolongs the lifetime of five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes, making them compelling candidates for all the dark matter in the universe.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 17 sections, 88 equations, 3 figures, 2 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. A few basic facts about Higher-Dimensional Black Holes
  3. Higher Dimensional BHs
  4. Lifetime of the Schwarzchild BH
  5. Rotating Black Holes in Higher Dimensions
  6. The Event Horizon of a Higher-Dimensional Rotating Black Hole
  7. Mass, Angular Momentum, and Temperature
  8. Field Equation and Propagation on the Brane
  9. 5D Rotating Black Hole Evolution and Mass Loss
  10. Angular momentum and BH's lifetime
  11. The Angular momentum-BH mass relation
  12. The lifetime of 5 dimensional rotating PBHs
  13. The Memory Burden Effect and its Implications for Rotating Primordial Black Holes in Higher Dimensions
  14. Memory burden for a 5D Kerr black hole
  15. The Schwarzchild phase
  16. ...and 2 more sections

Figures (3)

  • Figure 1: Constraints on $f_{PBH}$ in 4D as a function of the PBH mass $M_{BH}$
  • Figure 2: Power Spectrum $\frac{dE_{slm}}{d\omega dt}$ vs $\tilde{\omega}$ for $l=m=s=\{0,1/2,1\}$.
  • Figure 3: The ratio $M/M_0$ as a function of $\mathcal{L}$ for the three cases of Table \ref{['xyz']}. The upper plot corresponds to $\eta \approx 0.64, a_*=1/2$ and the curves are for four initial values in the range ${\cal L}_0=\{0.83-0.77\}$. The lower left plot is for $\eta\approx 0.5, \alpha_*=1$ and ${\cal L}_0=\{0.86-0.80\}$. Finally, the lower right plot is for $\eta\approx 0.35, a_*=3/2$ and ${\cal L}_0=\{0.944-0.92\}$.