Zero Carbon V2X Tariffs for Non-Domestic Customers
Elisheva S Shamash, Zhong Fan
TL;DR
This work develops two mechanisms for V2X-enabled energy trading among fleets of bi-directional EVs to support net-zero goals. The Hour-Scheduling mechanism applies a Clarke–VCG framework to allocate day-ahead export contracts across multiple half-hour periods, maximizing social welfare and ensuring truthfulness, IR, and BB; it employs dynamic programming to handle the combinatorial contract selection and proves NP-hardness for the unrestricted problem. A Frequency Regulation mechanism enables ancillary services by leveraging EV battery flexibility, with SoC constraints and balancing-market integration, and uses probabilistic approximations to manage computational intractability. Together, these mechanisms provide a principled, scalable approach to reduce carbon emissions and energy costs in micro-grids with non-domestic customers, with future work on parameter tuning and market extensions.
Abstract
With the aim of meeting the worlds net-zero objectives, electricity trading through contractual agreements is becoming increasingly relevant in global and local energy markets. We develop contracts enabling efficient energy trading using Vehicle to Everything technology which can be applied to regulate energy markets and reduce costs and carbon emissions by using electric vehicles with bidirectional batteries to store energy during offpeak hours for export during peak hours. We introduce a contract based on the VCG mechanism which enables fleets of electric vehicles to export electricity to the grid efficiently throughout the day, where each electric vehicle has its energy consumption and exporting schedules and costs.