A non-linear differential equation for the periods of elliptic surfaces
N. I. Shepherd-Barron
TL;DR
This work derives a non-linear differential equation governing the periods of Jacobian elliptic surfaces by truncating the Gauss–Manin connection, yielding an ecliptic-type PDE for the period matrix H built from second-kind meromorphic 2-forms η_i. It interprets H as a period map into the orthogonal group O_N and proves a generic infinitesimal Torelli theorem, while also providing explicit formulas for cup products with curves and a complete computation framework for rational elliptic surfaces via del Pezzo/anticanonical models. The results connect deformation theory of elliptic surfaces with period geometry, enabling both theoretical insight and practical computation of period data. Together, they extend period-map techniques to the realm of elliptic surfaces and illuminate the role of ramification data in period dynamics.
Abstract
Suppose that $f:X\to C$ is a general Jacobian elliptic surface over the complex numbers. Then the primitive cohomology $H^{1,1}_{prim}(X)$ has, up to a sign, a natural orthonormal basis $(η_i)_{i\in [1, N]}$ given by certain meromorphic $2$-forms $η_i$ of the second kind, one for each ramification point of the classifying morphism $φ$ from $C$ to the stack of generalized elliptic curves. (Here $N$ is any one of $h^{1,1}_{prim}(X)$, the number of moduli of $X$ and the degree of the ramification of $φ$; these numbers are equal.) A choice of local co-ordinate on the stack of elliptic curves provides, via the branch locus of $φ$, an {é}tale local co-ordinate system $(t_i)_{i\in [1, N]}$ on the stack of Jacobian elliptic surfaces. The main result here is that truncation of the Gauss--Manin connexion yields the system $$\{\partial_i H=(\partial_i η_i\wedgeη_i)H\}_{i\in [1, N]}$$ of non-linear pde satisfied by $H=[η_1,\ldots, η_N]$, where $\partial_i =\partial/\partial t_i$ and the skew tensor $\partial_i η_i\wedgeη_i$ of rank $2$ is the ecliptic of $η_i$ (the plane in which the particle $η_i$ is instantaneously moving with respect to $t_i$). Moreover, after rigidification of the integral cohomology, $H$ can be interpreted as providing a period map for these surfaces with values in the complex orthogonal group $O_N$, and we prove a generic infinitesimal Torelli theorem for this map. For rational elliptic surfaces this can be calculated explicitly.