Probing Hard Scattering Processes via Multiple Weak Gauge Boson Production at the Future Colliders

TL;DR

The paper evaluates production of multiple weak gauge bosons in proton–proton collisions as a probe of physics beyond the Standard Model, computing pair, triple, and quartic scattering cross-sections across $8$–$100$ TeV and analyzing leptonic and hadronic decays with optimized cuts at $\mathcal{L}=3000~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. It identifies $W^+W^-W^+$ as the dominant signal channel and demonstrates effective background suppression using kinematic observables such as $E_T$ and invariant-mass distributions. Despite small cross-sections for higher-order scatterings, distinctive kinematic features enable robust signal isolation at future colliders, with significant $S/\sqrt{B}$ values at HL-LHC and beyond. The framework and results provide a pathway to test the electroweak sector and study multi-boson production in the SM context at high-energy frontiers.

Abstract

One of the possible ways to detect the new physics phenomena particles is to investigate the weak gauge boson production as a result of hadron-hadron scattering. This study comprises the production of multiple weak gauge bosons as a result of hard scattering between the proton-proton beams at multi-TeV energies and integrated luminosity $\mathcal L =$ 3000 $fb ^{-1}$. The effective production cross-sections for pair, triple, and quartic scattering mechanisms have been computed as a function of $\sqrt s$. The center of mass energy has been varied from 8 TeV to 100 TeV to encompass the future collider capabilities. Out of all the studied processes, the triple scattering process $W^+W^-W^+$ has been chosen as the signal process based on the dominant cross-section. The background channels ZZZ, ZZZZ, $W^-ZZ$, $W^+ZZ$, $W^+W^-Z$, $W^+W^-ZZ$, $W^+W^-W^+W^-$, having comparatively lower cross-sections, have been selected from possible scattering mechanisms to investigate the effect of higher luminosity on the low production cross-section processes. We have investigated the different decay modes. For both lepton and hadron-specific decays of W and Z, the cumulative efficiencies for each signal and background process have been computed. In this study, we have successfully demonstrated an effective methodology for background suppression by systematically optimizing the signal-to-background ratio. The results indicate that, despite lower cross-sections for higher-order scattering, the distinct kinematic features enable effective signal isolation at future colliders.

Figures (7)

• Figure 1: The dependence of the production cross section on the center of mass energy is shown for double (left) and triple (right) boson scattering.
• Figure 2: A view of the possible Feynman diagrams for multiple gauge boson production.
• Figure 3: The transverse momentum $p_T$ (left) and mass $M_T$ (right) are shown for the lepton-specific decay modes.
• Figure 4: The missing transverse energy (left) and pseudorapidity for the single leptonic decay of the W bosons.
• Figure 5: (left) A distribution of jet multiplicity for hadron-specific decay of all gauge bosons. (Right) The plot shows the pseudorapidity distribution of jets for signal and all background processes.