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Design and Performance Simulation of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter at EicC

Ye Tian, Souvik Maity, Jingyu Li, Yuancai Wu, Shan Sha, Yutie Liang, Aiqiang Guo, Yuxiang Zhao, Dexu Lin

TL;DR

The paper addresses the need for high-performance electromagnetic calorimetry across a wide acceptance at the EicC. It proposes a hybrid ECAL design with a pCsI endcap for high-resolution electron detection and Shashlik sampling modules for the barrel and ion endcaps, optimized using Geant4 simulations. The study reports energy resolutions of about 2%/√E for pCsI electrons and about 5%/√E for Shashlik photons/electrons, along with precise position resolution and strong e/π discrimination, enabling robust π0 reconstruction. This design supports precise electron and photon measurements in the EicC program and outlines steps toward prototyping, digitization, and full engineering development.

Abstract

The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is a key detector component for precise electron and photon measurements in electron-ion collision experiments. At the Electron-Ion Collider in China (EicC), high-performance calorimetry is essential for exploring the internal structure of nucleons and studying the dynamics of quarks and gluons within quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This paper presents the optimized design and performance simulation of the EicC ECAL system. The ECAL consists of three specialized sections tailored to distinct detection environments: (1) an electron-Endcap employing high-resolution pure Cesium Iodide (pCsI) crystals, (2) a central barrel, and (3) an ion-Endcap, both adopting a cost-effective Shashlik-style sampling calorimeter with improved light yield. Each segment's geometry and material composition have been systematically optimized through Geant4 simulations to achieve excellent energy and position resolutions as well as strong electron-pion discrimination. The simulated performance indicates that the ECAL can achieve energy resolutions of 2 percent divided by sqrt(E) for pCsI crystals and 5 percent divided by sqrt(E) for Shashlik modules, meeting the design goals of the EicC detector.

Design and Performance Simulation of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter at EicC

TL;DR

The paper addresses the need for high-performance electromagnetic calorimetry across a wide acceptance at the EicC. It proposes a hybrid ECAL design with a pCsI endcap for high-resolution electron detection and Shashlik sampling modules for the barrel and ion endcaps, optimized using Geant4 simulations. The study reports energy resolutions of about 2%/√E for pCsI electrons and about 5%/√E for Shashlik photons/electrons, along with precise position resolution and strong e/π discrimination, enabling robust π0 reconstruction. This design supports precise electron and photon measurements in the EicC program and outlines steps toward prototyping, digitization, and full engineering development.

Abstract

The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is a key detector component for precise electron and photon measurements in electron-ion collision experiments. At the Electron-Ion Collider in China (EicC), high-performance calorimetry is essential for exploring the internal structure of nucleons and studying the dynamics of quarks and gluons within quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This paper presents the optimized design and performance simulation of the EicC ECAL system. The ECAL consists of three specialized sections tailored to distinct detection environments: (1) an electron-Endcap employing high-resolution pure Cesium Iodide (pCsI) crystals, (2) a central barrel, and (3) an ion-Endcap, both adopting a cost-effective Shashlik-style sampling calorimeter with improved light yield. Each segment's geometry and material composition have been systematically optimized through Geant4 simulations to achieve excellent energy and position resolutions as well as strong electron-pion discrimination. The simulated performance indicates that the ECAL can achieve energy resolutions of 2 percent divided by sqrt(E) for pCsI crystals and 5 percent divided by sqrt(E) for Shashlik modules, meeting the design goals of the EicC detector.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 11 sections, 4 equations, 12 figures, 3 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Electromagnetic Calorimeter Design
  3. CsI Module Design
  4. Shashlik Module Design
  5. Simulation Result and Detector Design Optimization
  6. Energy Reconstruction and Resolution
  7. Position Reconstruction and Resolution
  8. Electron and Pion Identification
  9. Design Optimization
  10. Neutral Pion Reconstruction
  11. Conclusions

Figures (12)

  • Figure 1: The EicC spectrometer design (left) and the coordinate definition of detector segment (right) bib:eiccWhitePaper.
  • Figure 2: Momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of scattered electrons (left) and neutral pions (right) from EicC $ep$ scattering events. The data are obtained from Pythia simulations of 3.5 GeV electrons colliding with 20 GeV protons, with a kinematic requirement of $Q^{2} > 1~\text{GeV}^{2}$ applied.
  • Figure 3: Overall design of the electromagnetic calorimeter (left), where the CsI crystal modules are shown in purple and the Shashlik modules in blue. Barrel module arrangement in a single row (right). Modules of the same color (blue or yellow) have identical geometry.
  • Figure 4: The pCsI module design.
  • Figure 5: Longitudinal (left) and transverse (right) structural schematics of the Shashlik module.
  • ...and 7 more figures