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Joint Resource Allocation to Transparently Integrate 5G TDD Uplink with Time-Aware TSN

Laura Becker, Yash Deshpande, Wolfgang Kellerer

TL;DR

Industrial automation demands deterministic end-to-end communication across wired TSN and wireless 5G. The paper introduces a BD-aware, heterogeneous RAN scheduler that pre-allocates 5G resources for time-sensitive TSN traffic and dynamically handles residual flows, enabling joint TAS-based scheduling across domains. It derives 5G Bridge Delay per traffic class, proposes a static pre-allocation via EDF with adaptive MCS and a dynamic grant-based component, and demonstrates, through OMNeT++ simulations, up to 28% resource efficiency gains with maintained reliability in mobility scenarios. The approach supports diverse TSN flows and outlines a path toward practical 5G-TSN testbeds and deployment in industrial environments.

Abstract

To enable mobility in industrial communication systems, the seamless integration of 5G with Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a promising approach. Deterministic communication across heterogeneous 5G-TSN systems requires joint scheduling between both domains. A key prerequisite for time-aware end-to-end scheduling is determining the forwarding delay for each TSN Traffic Class at every bridge, referred to as Bridge Delay (BD). Hence, to integrate 5G as a transparent TSN bridge, the 5G BD must be determined and guaranteed. Unlike wired bridges, the 5G BD relies on wireless resource management characteristics, such as the Time Division Duplex pattern and radio resource allocation procedure. In particular, traditional Uplink (UL) schedulers are optimized for throughput but often fail to meet the deadline requirements. To address this challenge, we propose a heterogeneous radio resource scheduler that integrates static and dynamic scheduling. The algorithm pre-allocates resources for time-sensitive periodic streams based on the reported BDs, ensuring alignment with the TSN mechanisms Time-Aware Shaper and Per-Stream Filtering and Policing. Meanwhile, remaining resources are dynamically allocated to non-deterministic flows using established strategies such as Proportional Fair, Max C/I, or a Quality of Service-aware priority-based scheduler. The scheduler's performance is evaluated through OMNeT++ simulations. The results demonstrate support for diverse TSN flows while ensuring deadline-aware scheduling of time-sensitive UL traffic in mobility scenarios. Periodic time-sensitive flows are end-to-end scheduled across domains, improving the resource efficiency by 28% compared to the Configured Grant baseline. While reliability is preserved, non-deterministic rate-sensitive flows benefit from the improved resource utilization, resulting in higher throughput

Joint Resource Allocation to Transparently Integrate 5G TDD Uplink with Time-Aware TSN

TL;DR

Industrial automation demands deterministic end-to-end communication across wired TSN and wireless 5G. The paper introduces a BD-aware, heterogeneous RAN scheduler that pre-allocates 5G resources for time-sensitive TSN traffic and dynamically handles residual flows, enabling joint TAS-based scheduling across domains. It derives 5G Bridge Delay per traffic class, proposes a static pre-allocation via EDF with adaptive MCS and a dynamic grant-based component, and demonstrates, through OMNeT++ simulations, up to 28% resource efficiency gains with maintained reliability in mobility scenarios. The approach supports diverse TSN flows and outlines a path toward practical 5G-TSN testbeds and deployment in industrial environments.

Abstract

To enable mobility in industrial communication systems, the seamless integration of 5G with Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a promising approach. Deterministic communication across heterogeneous 5G-TSN systems requires joint scheduling between both domains. A key prerequisite for time-aware end-to-end scheduling is determining the forwarding delay for each TSN Traffic Class at every bridge, referred to as Bridge Delay (BD). Hence, to integrate 5G as a transparent TSN bridge, the 5G BD must be determined and guaranteed. Unlike wired bridges, the 5G BD relies on wireless resource management characteristics, such as the Time Division Duplex pattern and radio resource allocation procedure. In particular, traditional Uplink (UL) schedulers are optimized for throughput but often fail to meet the deadline requirements. To address this challenge, we propose a heterogeneous radio resource scheduler that integrates static and dynamic scheduling. The algorithm pre-allocates resources for time-sensitive periodic streams based on the reported BDs, ensuring alignment with the TSN mechanisms Time-Aware Shaper and Per-Stream Filtering and Policing. Meanwhile, remaining resources are dynamically allocated to non-deterministic flows using established strategies such as Proportional Fair, Max C/I, or a Quality of Service-aware priority-based scheduler. The scheduler's performance is evaluated through OMNeT++ simulations. The results demonstrate support for diverse TSN flows while ensuring deadline-aware scheduling of time-sensitive UL traffic in mobility scenarios. Periodic time-sensitive flows are end-to-end scheduled across domains, improving the resource efficiency by 28% compared to the Configured Grant baseline. While reliability is preserved, non-deterministic rate-sensitive flows benefit from the improved resource utilization, resulting in higher throughput

Paper Structure

This paper contains 18 sections, 7 equations, 5 figures, 3 tables, 2 algorithms.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. State-of-the-Art
  3. 5G Bridge Delay
  4. Grant-free Scheduling of Time-Sensitive Traffic
  5. Joint Scheduling of 5G and Time-Aware TSN
  6. Background
  7. Time-Aware TSN
  8. Integration of 5G with TSN
  9. 5G Radio Resource Allocation
  10. Industrial Use Cases
  11. Joint Resource Allocation in 5G-TSN Systems
  12. 5G Bridge Delay
  13. Static Grant-Free Resource Allocation
  14. Dynamic Grant-Based Resource Allocation
  15. Performance Evaluation
  16. ...and 3 more sections

Figures (5)

  • Figure 1: Integration of 5G as transparent bridge within a fully centralized TSN system according to 3GPP 23.501.
  • Figure 2: Workflow of time-aware TSN using PSFP to protect the TAS schedule (abstracted from 8021Qbv, 8021Qci).
  • Figure 3: Delay of dynamic and static resource allocation in TDD-based 5G.
  • Figure 4: Simulation results of periodic simulation scenario. a) E2E delay, b) PER and RB utilization.
  • Figure 5: Results of heterogeneous simulation scenario. a) E2E delay of time-sensitive TC, b) Delay and jitter of non-deterministic time-sensitive flows showing impact of the MDBV configuration, and c) Throughput stability of TC with a rate requirement.