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Lattice Menu: A Low-Error Gaze-Based Marking Menu Utilizing Target-Assisted Gaze Gestures on a Lattice of Visual Anchors

Taejun Kim, Auejin Ham, Sunggeun Ahn, Geehyuk Lee

TL;DR

Lattice Menu introduces a gaze-based marking menu that uses a lattice of visual anchors to anchor gaze and enable target-assisted gestures for multi-level item selection in VR/AR. The method is evaluated across multiple menu structures (4×4×4 and 6×6×6) and sizes (8°, 10°, 12°), achieving an expert error rate near 1% and selection times of 1.3–1.6 s, substantially outperforming a border-crossing baseline. Through preliminary and user studies, the authors show that visual anchors reduce unintended selections, identify optimal anchor saliency, and provide design guidelines for real-world deployment, including considerations for background, depth, and personalization. The work demonstrates that integrating a lattice of targets for gaze gestures yields robust, low-fatigue gaze interactions suitable for AR/VR applications and offers practical guidance for applying gaze-based menus in dynamic environments.

Abstract

We present Lattice Menu, a gaze-based marking menu utilizing a lattice of visual anchors that helps perform accurate gaze pointing for menu item selection. Users who know the location of the desired item can leverage target-assisted gaze gestures for multilevel item selection by looking at visual anchors over the gaze trajectories. Our evaluation showed that Lattice Menu exhibits a considerably low error rate (~1%) and a quick menu selection time (1.3-1.6 s) for expert usage across various menu structures (4 x 4 x 4 and 6 x 6 x 6) and sizes (8, 10 and 12°). In comparison with a traditional gaze-based marking menu that does not utilize visual targets, Lattice Menu showed remarkably (~5 times) fewer menu selection errors for expert usage. In a post-interview, all 12 subjects preferred Lattice Menu, and most subjects (8 out of 12) commented that the provisioning of visual targets facilitated more stable menu selections with reduced eye fatigue.

Lattice Menu: A Low-Error Gaze-Based Marking Menu Utilizing Target-Assisted Gaze Gestures on a Lattice of Visual Anchors

TL;DR

Lattice Menu introduces a gaze-based marking menu that uses a lattice of visual anchors to anchor gaze and enable target-assisted gestures for multi-level item selection in VR/AR. The method is evaluated across multiple menu structures (4×4×4 and 6×6×6) and sizes (8°, 10°, 12°), achieving an expert error rate near 1% and selection times of 1.3–1.6 s, substantially outperforming a border-crossing baseline. Through preliminary and user studies, the authors show that visual anchors reduce unintended selections, identify optimal anchor saliency, and provide design guidelines for real-world deployment, including considerations for background, depth, and personalization. The work demonstrates that integrating a lattice of targets for gaze gestures yields robust, low-fatigue gaze interactions suitable for AR/VR applications and offers practical guidance for applying gaze-based menus in dynamic environments.

Abstract

We present Lattice Menu, a gaze-based marking menu utilizing a lattice of visual anchors that helps perform accurate gaze pointing for menu item selection. Users who know the location of the desired item can leverage target-assisted gaze gestures for multilevel item selection by looking at visual anchors over the gaze trajectories. Our evaluation showed that Lattice Menu exhibits a considerably low error rate (~1%) and a quick menu selection time (1.3-1.6 s) for expert usage across various menu structures (4 x 4 x 4 and 6 x 6 x 6) and sizes (8, 10 and 12°). In comparison with a traditional gaze-based marking menu that does not utilize visual targets, Lattice Menu showed remarkably (~5 times) fewer menu selection errors for expert usage. In a post-interview, all 12 subjects preferred Lattice Menu, and most subjects (8 out of 12) commented that the provisioning of visual targets facilitated more stable menu selections with reduced eye fatigue.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 50 sections, 16 figures, 1 table.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Related Work
  3. Marking Menu Technique
  4. Gaze-Based Marking Menu Techniques
  5. Target-Assisted Gaze Gesture
  6. Lattice Menu
  7. Head-Fixed Menu vs. World-Fixed Menu in AR/VR
  8. Design Rationale
  9. Distance from Content to Item Selection Zone
  10. Comparison with pEYE
  11. User Study Overview
  12. Participants and Participant Screening Process
  13. Common Apparatus
  14. Common Task and VR environment
  15. Common Procedures
  16. ...and 35 more sections

Figures (16)

  • Figure 1: Previous studies that adopted visual targets for stable gaze gestures. (a) majaranta2019inducing, (b) wobbrock2008longitudinal, and (c) hornof2003eyedraw
  • Figure 2: (a) Controllable parameters of Lattice Menu. (b) 4 $\times$ 4 $\times$ 4 Lattice Menu. D1, width of visual anchor; D2, width of Item Selection Zone; D3, effective radius of Lattice Menu, and D4, radius of visual pie.
  • Figure 3: Illustration of (a) novice user behavior and (b) experienced user behavior of Lattice Menu.
  • Figure 4: Distance from item label to Item Selection Zone and the observed error rates for each condition.
  • Figure 5: Areas for item selection in (a) Lattice Menu and (b) pEYEhuckauf2008gazing
  • ...and 11 more figures