A Quantum-Secure and Blockchain-Integrated E-Voting Framework with Identity Validation

TL;DR

This work addresses the threat of quantum-capable adversaries to electronic voting by presenting a fully integrated framework that combines Falcon lattice-based post-quantum signatures, MobileNetV3-based anti-spoofing with AdaFace biometric verification, and a permissioned blockchain for tamper-evident vote storage. The methodology spans environment setup on a local Ethereum network, PQC key generation and signing, secure on-chain storage of signed facial embeddings, and end-to-end system integration with a web frontend and REST APIs. Key contributions include on-chain signing of biometric embeddings for non-repudiation, real-time spoof-detection with low latency, and quantifiably efficient blockchain operations (gas overheads) under concurrent load, demonstrating scalability and resilience. The results indicate high biometric verification accuracy, robust anti-spoofing, and practical PQC performance, supporting secure, quantum-resistant, and auditable digital voting with real-world applicability in decentralized settings.

Abstract

The rapid growth of quantum computing poses a threat to the cryptographic foundations of digital systems, requiring the development of secure and scalable electronic voting (evoting) frameworks. We introduce a post-quantum-secure evoting architecture that integrates Falcon lattice-based digital signatures, biometric authentication via MobileNetV3 and AdaFace, and a permissioned blockchain for tamper-proof vote storage. Voter registration involves capturing facial embeddings, which are digitally signed using Falcon and stored on-chain to ensure integrity and non-repudiation. During voting, real-time biometric verification is performed using anti-spoofing techniques and cosine-similarity matching. The system demonstrates low latency and robust spoof detection, monitored through Prometheus and Grafana for real-time auditing. The average classification error rates (ACER) are below 3.5% on the CelebA Spoof dataset and under 8.2% on the Wild Face Anti-Spoofing (WFAS) dataset. Blockchain anchoring incurs minimal gas overhead, approximately 3.3% for registration and 0.15% for voting, supporting system efficiency, auditability, and transparency. The experimental results confirm the system's scalability, efficiency, and resilience under concurrent loads. This approach offers a unified solution to address key challenges in voter authentication, data integrity, and quantum-resilient security for digital systems.

Figures (4)

• Figure 1: Architecture using Falcon PQC and MobileNetV3 anti-spoofing
• Figure 2: Anti-spoofing model with MobileNetV3 and AdaFace for verification.
• Figure 3: Block size for registration and voting along with gas usage percentage.
• Figure 4: Impact of concurrent requests on encryption and decryption time.