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Dynamic and Static Energy Efficient Design of Pinching Antenna Systems

Saba Asaad, Chongjun Ouyang, Ali Bereyhi, Zhiguo Ding

TL;DR

This work develops a realistic energy-efficiency model for pinching-antenna systems (PASS) where per-element power distribution is governed implicitly by pinching locations and coupling lengths. It introduces a hybrid dynamic-static optimization framework and a two-tier algorithm to maximize energy efficiency, with a dynamic inner loop for fast variables (user power and pinching locations) and a slower outer loop for static parameters (coupling lengths). Numerical results show that dynamically tuning pinching locations yields substantial EE gains, especially in slow-varying environments, and that coupling-length tunability offers additional improvements over fixed baselines. The findings indicate PASS can achieve high energy efficiency in practical deployments and point to future work extending these ideas to PASS-MIMO scenarios.

Abstract

We study the energy efficiency of pinching-antenna systems (PASSs) by developing a consistent formulation for power distribution in these systems. The per-antenna power distribution in PASSs is not controlled explicitly by a power allocation policy, but rather implicitly through tuning of pinching couplings and locations. Both these factors are tunable: (i) pinching locations are tuned using movable elements, and (ii) couplings can be tuned by varying the effective coupling length of the pinching elements. While the former is feasible to be addressed dynamically in settings with low user mobility, the latter cannot be addressed at a high rate. We thus develop a class of hybrid dynamic-static algorithms, which maximize the energy efficiency by updating the system parameters at different rates. Our experimental results depict that dynamic tuning of pinching locations can significantly boost energy efficiency of PASSs.

Dynamic and Static Energy Efficient Design of Pinching Antenna Systems

TL;DR

This work develops a realistic energy-efficiency model for pinching-antenna systems (PASS) where per-element power distribution is governed implicitly by pinching locations and coupling lengths. It introduces a hybrid dynamic-static optimization framework and a two-tier algorithm to maximize energy efficiency, with a dynamic inner loop for fast variables (user power and pinching locations) and a slower outer loop for static parameters (coupling lengths). Numerical results show that dynamically tuning pinching locations yields substantial EE gains, especially in slow-varying environments, and that coupling-length tunability offers additional improvements over fixed baselines. The findings indicate PASS can achieve high energy efficiency in practical deployments and point to future work extending these ideas to PASS-MIMO scenarios.

Abstract

We study the energy efficiency of pinching-antenna systems (PASSs) by developing a consistent formulation for power distribution in these systems. The per-antenna power distribution in PASSs is not controlled explicitly by a power allocation policy, but rather implicitly through tuning of pinching couplings and locations. Both these factors are tunable: (i) pinching locations are tuned using movable elements, and (ii) couplings can be tuned by varying the effective coupling length of the pinching elements. While the former is feasible to be addressed dynamically in settings with low user mobility, the latter cannot be addressed at a high rate. We thus develop a class of hybrid dynamic-static algorithms, which maximize the energy efficiency by updating the system parameters at different rates. Our experimental results depict that dynamic tuning of pinching locations can significantly boost energy efficiency of PASSs.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 15 sections, 36 equations, 4 figures, 3 algorithms.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Energy Efficiency of PASS
  3. Contributions and Organization
  4. System Model
  5. Power Model for Downlink PASS
  6. Characterizing Energy Efficiency
  7. Static and Dynamic Design for PASS
  8. Dynamic Design of PASS
  9. Static Design of PASS
  10. Algorithms for Dynamic and Static Design
  11. Power Allocation
  12. PASS Tuning
  13. Tuning Coupling Length
  14. Numerical Experiment
  15. Conclusions

Figures (4)

  • Figure 1: Convergence of the proposed algorithms.
  • Figure 2: EE vs the transmit power at $N=10$.
  • Figure 3: EE vs the number of elements at $P_0=10$ dBm.
  • Figure 4: EE vs the side length $D_x$ at $P_0=10$ dBm and $N=10$.

Theorems & Definitions (3)

  • Remark 1
  • Definition 1: Dynamic EE Design
  • Definition 2: Static EE Design