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Digital Twin Empowered In-Vehicular Channel Modeling and Wireless Planning in the Terahertz Band

Mingjie Zhu, Yejian Lyu, Chong Han

TL;DR

This work develops a digital twin of a vehicle interior for THz (300 GHz) V2X channel modeling by fusing high-resolution geometry with THz material properties into an open-source ray-tracing framework. It validates a DT-enabled deterministic model against extensive in-vehicle measurements across LoS and NLoS scenarios, including human presence and window states, and couples deterministic paths with measurement-based stochastic components to form a hybrid channel model. The DT enables efficient SINR, coverage, and rate analyses and informs transmitter placement, showing that a single optimally placed Tx often yields the best data rates, while two Tx configurations can improve coverage with manageable interference. The results offer concrete guidance for planning and deploying future THz in-vehicle communications and demonstrate a practical, measurement-validated workflow for multi-scenario DT-based V2X channel modeling.

Abstract

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology has emerged as a key enabler of intelligent transportation systems, while the Terahertz (THz) band offers abundant spectrum resources to support ultra-high-speed and low-latency V2X communications. This paper investigates the in-vehicle wireless channel in the 300~GHz band. First, channel measurement based on vector-network-analyzer (VNA) is conducted under typical V2X scenarios, including with/without human, and window-on/off cases. Then, a digital twin (DT) of the vehicle is constructed from high-resolution point cloud data and a measurement-based material property database. The DT is integrated into an open-source ray-tracing (RT) simulator, Sionna, to model multipath propagation. The DT-empowered simulation results are analyzed and validated with the measurement data, showing strong agreement and validating the feasibility. Finally, a hybrid ray-tracing-statistic channel model is established, combining the RT results and measurement data. Leveraging the validated model, further wireless planning is carried out, including signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) analysis, coverage probability evaluation, and optimal transmitter (Tx) placement. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and deployment of future THz in-vehicle communication systems.

Digital Twin Empowered In-Vehicular Channel Modeling and Wireless Planning in the Terahertz Band

TL;DR

This work develops a digital twin of a vehicle interior for THz (300 GHz) V2X channel modeling by fusing high-resolution geometry with THz material properties into an open-source ray-tracing framework. It validates a DT-enabled deterministic model against extensive in-vehicle measurements across LoS and NLoS scenarios, including human presence and window states, and couples deterministic paths with measurement-based stochastic components to form a hybrid channel model. The DT enables efficient SINR, coverage, and rate analyses and informs transmitter placement, showing that a single optimally placed Tx often yields the best data rates, while two Tx configurations can improve coverage with manageable interference. The results offer concrete guidance for planning and deploying future THz in-vehicle communications and demonstrate a practical, measurement-validated workflow for multi-scenario DT-based V2X channel modeling.

Abstract

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology has emerged as a key enabler of intelligent transportation systems, while the Terahertz (THz) band offers abundant spectrum resources to support ultra-high-speed and low-latency V2X communications. This paper investigates the in-vehicle wireless channel in the 300~GHz band. First, channel measurement based on vector-network-analyzer (VNA) is conducted under typical V2X scenarios, including with/without human, and window-on/off cases. Then, a digital twin (DT) of the vehicle is constructed from high-resolution point cloud data and a measurement-based material property database. The DT is integrated into an open-source ray-tracing (RT) simulator, Sionna, to model multipath propagation. The DT-empowered simulation results are analyzed and validated with the measurement data, showing strong agreement and validating the feasibility. Finally, a hybrid ray-tracing-statistic channel model is established, combining the RT results and measurement data. Leveraging the validated model, further wireless planning is carried out, including signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) analysis, coverage probability evaluation, and optimal transmitter (Tx) placement. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and deployment of future THz in-vehicle communication systems.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 23 sections, 18 equations, 15 figures, 5 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Digital Twin
  3. Physical Twin: Measurement Setups
  4. Sounder and measurement setup
  5. Measurement Scenarios
  6. Digital Twin: Simulation Framework
  7. Data Post-Processing and Hybrid Channel Modeling
  8. Signal Model
  9. Material Properties
  10. Hybrid Channel Model
  11. Case Studies
  12. Case A. Without Human/Window-on
  13. Case B. Without Human
  14. Case C. Without Window
  15. Wireless Planning based on Digital Twin
  16. ...and 8 more sections

Figures (15)

  • Figure 1: Setups and scenario. (a) Real image. (b) Schematic diagram of in-vehicle scenario.
  • Figure 2: Point cloud results of the scenario.
  • Figure 3: Generated Rx Positions.
  • Figure 4: Simulation results for exemplary LoS case, i.e., Rx placing above the middle rear seat.
  • Figure 5: Exemplary PADP at Rx 2. (a) Simulated, (b) Measurement.
  • ...and 10 more figures