Note on the Number of Almost Ordinary Triangles

Abstract

Let $X$ be a set of $n$ points in the plane, not all on a line. According to the Gallai-Sylvester theorem, $X$ always spans an \emph{ordinary line}, i.e., one that passes through precisely 2 elements of $X$. Given an integer $c\ge 2,$ a \emph{line} spanned by $X$ is called \emph{$c$-ordinary} if it passes through at most $c$ points of $X$. A \emph{triangle} spanned by 3 noncollinear points of $X$ is called \emph{$c$-ordinary} if all 3 lines determined by its sides are \emph{$c$-ordinary}. Motivated by a question of Erd\H os, Fulek \emph{et al.}~\cite{FMN+17} proved that there exists an absolute constant $c > 2$ such that if $X$ cannot be covered by 2 lines, then it determines at least one $c$-ordinary triangle. Moreover, the number of such triangles grows at least linearly in $n$. They raised the question whether the true growth rate of this function is superlinear. We prove that if $X$ cannot be covered by 2 lines, and no line passes through more than $n-t(n)$ points of $X$, for some function $t(n)\rightarrow\infty,$ then the number of $17$-ordinary triangles spanned by $X$ is at least constant times $n \cdot t(n)$, i.e., superlinear in $n$. We also show that the assumption $t(n)\rightarrow\infty$ is necessary. If we further assume that no line passes through more than $n/2-t(n)$ points of $X$, then the number of $17$-ordinary triangles grows superquadratically in $n$. This statement does not hold if $t(n)$ is bounded. We close this paper with some algorithmic results. In particular, we provide a $O(n^{2.372})$ time algorithm for counting all $c$-ordinary triangles in an $n$-element point set, for any $c<n$.

Figures (2)

• Figure 1: A counterexample to superlinearity (here $n=10$ and $k=2$).
• Figure 2: A set of $11$ points spanning $21$ ordinary triangles ($n=11$ and $k=2$).

Theorems & Definitions (15)

• Proposition 1
• Theorem 2
• Theorem 3
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• Lemma 6
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• Lemma 8
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• Lemma 10