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The mechanism for creating "dynamical gravastar'' black hole mimickers can also explain formation of "little red dots''

Stephen L. Adler

TL;DR

The paper argues that a high-pressure phase transition to negative energy density can yield horizonless dynamical gravastars that mimic black holes. It shows how latent energy released during the transition can be emitted in regions of very small $g_{00}$, producing large gravitational redshifts that could account for the JWST little red dots. By analyzing slowly growing gravastars within the TOV framework, the authors connect redshifted latent-energy emission to observable red signatures and propose tests to distinguish gravitational redshift from opaque-envelope scenarios. The work suggests no-horizon compact objects could play a role in galaxy formation and offers a mathematically tractable, autonomous dynamical-systems perspective on the exterior structure of these objects.

Abstract

We argue that a high pressure phase transition of relativistic matter to a state with negative energy density, which leads to the formation of horizonless black hole mimickers, can also give rise to the appearance of ``little red dots''. The energy source for the dots is the release of latent energy from the phase transition, and their redness is a result of this release taking place in a central region of exponentially small positive $g_{00}$, and hence very high gravitational redshift.

The mechanism for creating "dynamical gravastar'' black hole mimickers can also explain formation of "little red dots''

TL;DR

The paper argues that a high-pressure phase transition to negative energy density can yield horizonless dynamical gravastars that mimic black holes. It shows how latent energy released during the transition can be emitted in regions of very small , producing large gravitational redshifts that could account for the JWST little red dots. By analyzing slowly growing gravastars within the TOV framework, the authors connect redshifted latent-energy emission to observable red signatures and propose tests to distinguish gravitational redshift from opaque-envelope scenarios. The work suggests no-horizon compact objects could play a role in galaxy formation and offers a mathematically tractable, autonomous dynamical-systems perspective on the exterior structure of these objects.

Abstract

We argue that a high pressure phase transition of relativistic matter to a state with negative energy density, which leads to the formation of horizonless black hole mimickers, can also give rise to the appearance of ``little red dots''. The energy source for the dots is the release of latent energy from the phase transition, and their redness is a result of this release taking place in a central region of exponentially small positive , and hence very high gravitational redshift.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 8 sections, 3 equations, 3 figures, 1 table.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. The dynamical gravastar model
  3. JWST, "little red dots", and current astrophysical interpretation
  4. An alternative interpretation based on the structure of dynamical gravastar black hole mimickers
  5. Observational questions
  6. Features following from the underlying assumption of a phase transition to a state with negative energy density
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. Mathematica code for inversion of $p(r)$

Figures (3)

  • Figure 1: This figure, taken from adler1, was computed with $\beta=0.01$, central pressure $p(0)=1$, and ${\rm pjump}=0.95.$ In the figure plots of ${\rm denom}=1-2 m(r)/r$, together with $g_{00}(r)$ on linear and logarithmic scales, are stacked with their horizontal axes aligned. The vertical line at $r=48.895$, marked by a down-pointing arrow, is where the discontinuity in equations of state at ${\rm pjump}=0.95$ appears; to the left of this line, in region A, the equation of state is $p+\rho=0.01$, and to the right of this line, in region B, the equation of state is $\rho=3p$. The discontinuity in slopes of denom in the top panel shows up as the angle between the dashed lines being less than $\pi$, and arises because $m'(r)$ is not continuous where the equation of state is discontinuous. The middle panel shows that at the cusp the metric component $g_{00}$ has nearly vanished on a linear plot, but the bottom panel shows that $g_{00}$ remains strictly positive down to zero radius, but precipitously drops to exponentially small values at radii below the radius $r\simeq 60$ of the cusp in denom. This gives a "simulated horizon", or perhaps better termed a "mock horizon", at the radius of the cusp. Outside this radius the metric is very close to that of a Schwarzschild solution, while inside this radius the behavior is very different, with $g_{00}$ never going negative.
  • Figure 2: Plot of ${\rm denom}=1-2m(r)/r$ for $p(0)=1.01,~1.1,~1.206$ reading top to bottom. The parameter values for this figure are those of Table I.
  • Figure 3: An example comparing the tail formula of Eq. \ref{['tail1']} (red curve) with the exact $p(r)$ computed from the TOV equations (blue curve). The parameter values for this figure are those of Fig. 1, except that we have extended rmax from 140 to 280 to give better coverage of the tail region.