Semi-Random Graphs, Robust Asymmetry, and Reconstruction
Julian Asilis, Xi Chen, Dutch Hansen, Shang-Hua Teng
TL;DR
Problem: understand reconstructibility under perturbations. Approach: develop a semi-random, smoothed framework with non-uniform edge probabilities and edge-edit perturbations via B_S(G). Contributions: robust asymmetry results for large subgraphs, semi-random asymmetry with planted structures, and reconstruction guarantees under adversarial edits, with bounds on nonreconstructible graphs. Significance: bridges smoothed analysis to graph reconstruction, extends Bollobás-type asymmetry results, and bounds nonreconstructible graph mass in semi-random settings.
Abstract
The Graph Reconstruction Conjecture famously posits that any undirected graph on at least three vertices is determined up to isomorphism by its family of (unlabeled) induced subgraphs. At present, the conjecture admits partial resolutions of two types: 1) casework-based demonstrations of reconstructibility for families of graphs satisfying certain structural properties, and 2) probabilistic arguments establishing reconstructibility of random graphs by leveraging average-case phenomena. While results in the first category capture the worst-case nature of the conjecture, they play a limited role in understanding the general case. Results in the second category address much larger graph families, but it remains unclear how heavily the necessary arguments rely on optimistic distributional properties. Drawing on the perspectives of smoothed and semi-random analysis, we study the robustness of what are arguably the two most fundamental properties in this latter line of work: asymmetry and uniqueness of subgraphs. Notably, we find that various semi-random graph distributions exhibit these properties asymptotically, much like their Erdős-Rényi counterparts. In particular, Bollobás (1990) demonstrated that almost all Erdős-Rényi random graphs $G = (V, E) \sim \mathscr{G}(n, p)$ enjoy the property that their induced subgraphs on $n - Θ(1)$ vertices are asymmetric and mutually non-isomorphic, for $1 - p, p = Ω(\log(n) / n)$. We show that this property is robust against perturbation -- even when an adversary is permitted to add/remove each vertex pair in $V^{(2)}$ with (independent) arbitrarily large constant probability. Exploiting this result, we derive asymptotic characterizations of asymmetry in random graphs with planted structure and bounded adversarial corruptions, along with improved bounds on the probability mass of nonreconstructible graphs in $\mathscr{G}(n, p)$.