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Evaluating Security Properties in the Execution of Quantum Circuits

Paolo Bernardi, Antonio Brogi, Gian-Luigi Ferrari, Giuseppe Bisicchia

Abstract

Quantum computing is a disruptive technology that is expected to offer significant advantages in many critical fields (e.g. drug discovery and cryptography). The security of information processed by such machines is therefore paramount. Currently, modest Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices are available. The goal of this work is to identify a practical, heuristic methodology to evaluate security properties, such as secrecy and integrity, while using quantum processors owned by potentially untrustworthy providers.

Evaluating Security Properties in the Execution of Quantum Circuits

Abstract

Quantum computing is a disruptive technology that is expected to offer significant advantages in many critical fields (e.g. drug discovery and cryptography). The security of information processed by such machines is therefore paramount. Currently, modest Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices are available. The goal of this work is to identify a practical, heuristic methodology to evaluate security properties, such as secrecy and integrity, while using quantum processors owned by potentially untrustworthy providers.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 49 sections, 10 equations, 28 figures, 6 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Background: Quantum Circuit Cutting
  3. Overview of the Approach
  4. Scenario
  5. Threat Model
  6. Objectives
  7. Quantum Circuit Cutting Security Enhancements
  8. Countermeasure i1 - Dynamic QPU integrity score (integrity protection)
  9. Countermeasure i2 - Probabilistic sub-circuit assignment (integrity protection)
  10. Countermeasure i3 - Sub-circuit replication (integrity protection)
  11. Countermeasure c1 - Fake sub-circuits (confidentiality protection)
  12. Experimental Validation
  13. Setting the context
  14. Test Circuits
  15. Test Devices
  16. ...and 34 more sections

Figures (28)

  • Figure 1: Graphical representation of the cloud-based quantum computing environment with the range of action of malicious actors.
  • Figure 2: Graphical representation of the 15 qubit quantum circuit used to perform the experiments.
  • Figure 3: Graphical analysis of the benchmark circuit expectation values
  • Figure 4: Graphical representation of the alternative 15 qubit quantum circuit used to perform confidentiality experiments together with the original benchmark circuit, GHZ and Deutsch-Jozsa
  • Figure 5: Graphical analysis of the alternative benchmark circuit expectation values
  • ...and 23 more figures