Detection of new very-high-energy sources outside the galactic plane in the Fermi-LAT data

TL;DR

This study probes the extragalactic, high-latitude very-high-energy sky ($|b|>10^{\circ}$) using 16 years of Fermi-LAT data with $E>100$ GeV, employing a DBSCAN clustering approach to detect spatio-temporal photon clusters. It identifies 107 clusters with significant support, of which three remain unassociated post cross-matching; two are proposed as new VHE sources (4FGL J0039.1-2219 and 4FGL J0212.2-0219) and one transient (4FGL J1544.3-0649). In addition, the transient search yields 114 doublets within 3 days, including six doublets lacking TeVCat associations; five link to 3FHL sources while one appears orphan, with some flares reaching isotropic $\mathrm{VHE}$ luminosities up to $\mathcal{O}(10^{47}~\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}})$. The results expand the sample of non-blazar AGN detected at VHE and reveal extreme, sometimes HE-decoupled flares that challenge current AGN emission models, highlighting the need for deeper, more sensitive surveys by next-generation facilities. $E>100$ GeV, $|b|>10^{\circ}$, $P_{glob}$, and $F_{VHE}$ illustrate extreme jet phenomena in Seyfert and LINER galaxies, suggesting novel acceleration and emission mechanisms beyond standard SSC frameworks.

Abstract

We present a search for spatio-temporal clusters in 16 years of Fermi-LAT very-high-energy (VHE; $E>100$~GeV) data using the DBSCAN algorithm, focusing on high Galactic latitude ($|b|>10^{\circ}$) clusters with $\geq5$ events and transient doublets (two events within $\leq 3$ days). Of 107 detected clusters, two correspond to previously unidentified VHE sources: weak BL Lacertae objects 4FGL J0039.1-2219 and 4FGL J0212.2-0219, promising targets for next-generation VHE observatories. Due to the low VHE photon background, even doublets with a duration of several days exhibited high statistical significance. While most of the 114 detected doublets originated from bright TeV emitters (e.g., Mrk 421, Mrk 501), we identified six VHE flares lacking TeVCat associations. Five of these flares correlate with sources from the Third Catalog of Fermi-LAT High-Energy Sources (3FHL), while one 'orphan' flare lacks a high-energy (HE; $E > 10$~GeV) source counterpart. Some of these flares reached extreme luminosities of $\mathcal{O}(10^{47}~\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}})$. No consistent temporal correlation emerged between HE and VHE activity: HE flares preceded, coincided with, or followed VHE emission across sources, with some showing no HE counterpart. Remarkably, 3FHL J0308.4+0408 (NGC 1218) is a Seyfert Type I galaxy, while no object of this class was known as a VHE emitter before. The 'orphan' flare without any known HE source in the vicinity may originate from NGC 5549, a low-luminosity LINER galaxy. Both sources expand the limited sample of non-blazar AGN detected at VHE energies. The fact that some weak sources with non-aligned jets and, sometimes, even without any traces of HE activity, could demonstrate very short and powerful VHE flares cannot be easily accounted in many current AGN models and calls for their further development.

Figures (4)

• Figure 1: Spatial distribution of $\gamma$-ray photons associated with the source 4FGL J0153.0+7517. The cluster's centroid is indicated by a red cross symbol, corresponding to Galactic coordinates $l=126.92^\circ, ~b=13.02^\circ$
• Figure 2: Spatial distribution of $\gamma$-ray photons associated with the source 4FGL J0039.1-2219. The cluster's centroid is indicated by a red cross symbol, corresponding to Galactic coordinates $l=93.36^\circ, ~b=-84.35^\circ$
• Figure 3: Spatial distribution of $\gamma$-ray photons associated with the source 4FGL J1544.3-0649. The cluster's centroid is indicated by a red cross symbol, corresponding to Galactic coordinates $l=0.30^\circ, ~b=36.15^\circ$
• Figure 4: Spatial distribution of $\gamma$-ray photons associated with the source 4FGL J0212.2-0219. The cluster's centroid is indicated by a red cross symbol, corresponding to Galactic coordinates $l=164.34^\circ, ~b=-58.59^\circ$