On the Fundamental Impossibility of Hallucination Control in Large Language Models
Michał P. Karpowicz
TL;DR
The paper tackles the fundamental question of whether large language models can completely avoid hallucinations while performing knowledge integration. It introduces an Auction-of-Ideas framework, a semantic-information measure $\\mu_C$, and an emergence operator $\\mathcal{E}_C$ to model bounded reasoning and information access. Through three complementary proofs— mechanism design (Green-Laffont), proper scoring rules (Savage), and a transformer-specific Jensen-gap analysis of log-sum-exp—the authors show an intrinsic trade-off: truthful representation, information conservation, complete knowledge revelation, and knowledge-constrained optimality cannot all be achieved for non-trivial queries. They further connect these results to transformer architecture, safety via bounded creativity, and broader philosophical implications, arguing that hallucination/imagination are inevitable and should be managed rather than eliminated, with practical guidance on hybrid architectures and alignment strategies.
Abstract
This paper establishes a fundamental Impossibility Theorem: no LLM performing non-trivial knowledge aggregation can simultaneously achieve truthful knowledge representation, semantic information conservation, complete revelation of relevant knowledge, and knowledge-constrained optimality. This impossibility stems from the mathematical structure of information aggregation, not from engineering limitations. We prove this by modeling inference as an auction of ideas, where distributed components compete to influence responses using their encoded knowledge. The proof employs three independent approaches: mechanism design (Green-Laffont theorem), proper scoring rules (Savage), and transformer architecture analysis (log-sum-exp convexity). We introduce the semantic information measure and the emergence operator to analyze computationally bounded and unbounded reasoning. Bounded reasoning makes latent information accessible, enabling gradual insights and creativity, while unbounded reasoning makes all derivable knowledge immediately accessible while preserving the semantic content. We prove the conservation-reasoning dichotomy: meaningful reasoning necessarily violates information conservation. Our framework suggests that hallucination and imagination are mathematically identical, and both violate at least one of the four essential properties. The Jensen gap in transformer attention quantifies this violation as excess confidence beyond constituent evidence. This unified view explains why capable models must balance truthfulness against creativity. These results provide principled foundations for managing hallucination trade-offs in AI systems. Rather than eliminating hallucination, we should optimize these inevitable trade-offs for specific applications. We conclude with philosophical implications connecting the impossibility to fundamental limits of reason.