Protecting Young Users on Social Media: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Content Moderation and Legal Safeguards on Video Sharing Platforms

TL;DR

This study documents that minors (13-year-olds) are exposed to harmful video content more frequently and more quickly than adults (18-year-olds) across TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram, with YouTube showing particularly high exposure in passive feeds. By deploying experimental accounts and two interaction modes (passive scrolling and search-based scrolling) across three platforms, the authors quantify exposure, time-to-first-harm, and harm categories using a unified taxonomy, revealing gaps between platform policies and actual practice. The findings show that even low-severity content is prevalent and that algorithmic recommendation can amplify exposure for younger users, signaling a need for age-aware moderation, stronger verification, and transparent governance. The work emphasizes regulatory and practical implications, urging platforms to implement robust age-verification methods, stricter age-specific filtering, and more effective alignment between community guidelines and real-world recommendations. Future research directions include longitudinal assessments of algorithmic improvements, educational interventions for families, device-level filtering, and multilingual studies to broaden representativeness and applicability.

Abstract

Video-sharing social media platforms, such as TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram, implement content moderation policies aimed at reducing exposure to harmful videos among minor users. As video has become the dominant and most immersive form of online content, understanding how effectively this medium is moderated for younger audiences is urgent. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of video moderation for different age groups on three of the main video-sharing platforms: TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram. We created experimental accounts for the children assigned ages 13 and 18. Using these accounts, we evaluated 3,000 videos served up by the social media platforms, in passive scrolling and search modes, recording the frequency and speed at which harmful videos were encountered. Each video was manually assessed for level and type of harm, using definitions from a unified framework of harmful content. The results show that for passive scrolling or search-based scrolling, accounts assigned to the age 13 group encountered videos that were deemed harmful, more frequently and quickly than those assigned to the age 18 group. On YouTube, 15\% of recommended videos to 13-year-old accounts during passive scrolling were assessed as harmful, compared to 8.17\% for 18-year-old accounts. On YouTube, videos labelled as harmful appeared within an average of 3:06 minutes of passive scrolling for the younger age group. Exposure occurred without user-initiated searches, indicating weaknesses in the algorithmic filtering systems. These findings point to significant gaps in current video moderation practices by social media platforms. Furthermore, the ease with which underage users can misrepresent their age demonstrates the urgent need for more robust verification methods.

Figures (6)

• Figure 1: High-level methodology diagram illustrating the experimental sequence, including account creation and labelling.
• Figure 2: Comparison of age-based harmful content trends.
• Figure 3: Analysis of harmful content recommendations across platforms and scenarios for (a) 13-year-old users and (b) 18-year-old users.
• Figure 4: Impact of search behaviour on harmful content exposure.
• Figure 5: Time (minutes:seconds) to the first harmful video across platforms and age groups.