A Comprehensive Survey of Electrical Stimulation Haptic Feedback in Human-Computer Interaction

TL;DR

The paper addresses how electrical stimulation can deliver tactile and kinesthetic feedback in human-computer interaction. It adopts a PRISMA-guided systematic review of 110 studies (2014–2024) to map device technologies, perceptual mechanisms, multisensory integration, and applications. Key contributions include a synthesis of stimulation models with activation-function dynamics, an evaluation of device materials and electrode designs, a detailed examination of tactile and kinesthetic perception, and a comprehensive discussion of multisensory and application contexts, along with identified challenges (standardization, impedance variability, and open-loop rendering) and forward-looking directions (multimodal integration, high-resolution devices, adaptive closed-loop control, and full-body systems). The findings have practical impact for VR/AR, teleoperation, education, and assistive technologies by informing design choices, parameter optimization, and pathways toward more immersive and user-friendly haptic experiences.

Abstract

Haptic perception and feedback play a pivotal role in interactive experiences, forming an essential component of human-computer interaction (HCI). In recent years, the field of haptic interaction has witnessed significant advancements, particularly in the area of electrical haptic feedback, driving innovation across various domains. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research and the latest developments in electrical haptic interaction, this study systematically reviews the literature in this area. Our investigation covers key aspects including haptic devices, haptic perception mechanisms, the comparison and integration of electrical haptic feedback with other feedback modalities, and their diverse applications. Specifically, we conduct a systematic analysis of 110 research papers to explore the forefront of electrical haptic feedback, providing insights into its latest trends, challenges, and future directions.

Figures (7)

• Figure 1: Electrical representation of electrical stimulation. Note that the current direction flows from the interior of the nerve to the exterior. This occurs because the depolarization process inside the nerve results in the accumulation of a large number of positive charges, leading to a current that moves from the inner region of the nerve to its outer region.
• Figure 2: PRISMA flow diagram showing the stages of identification, screening, and inclusion of our systematic search.
• Figure 3: Publications Per Year (N=110). The chart marks the journals/conferences where the annual number of publications is greater than or equal to 2. The numbers in the caption represent the total number of publications for each journal/conference.
• Figure 4: Electrotactile Devices. (a)–(e) Fingertip solutions from Lin_2022Isakovic_2022Withana_2018Hummel_2016jingu2023double; (f)–(g) hand-worn systems proposed by Huang_2023Yao_2022; (h) a forearm interface from Shi_2021; (i)–(j) wrist-based devices by Tanaka_2024Takahashi_2024; and (k) an example of using silver nanoparticle ink for electrode printing.
• Figure 5: Flow Perception Diagram: This Sankey diagram visualizes the data flow from different classifications through influencing factors to relative sensations.