Quantum Technologies for Beyond 5G and 6G Networks: Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges
Engin Zeydan, Chamitha De Alwis, Rabia Khan, Yekta Turk, Abdullah Aydeger, Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, Madhusanka Liyanage
TL;DR
The paper analyzes how quantum technologies can enable beyond-5G and $6G$ networks by addressing security, optimization, and AI-enabled management. It presents a layered, system-centric view that maps quantum capabilities to the RAN, core, edge, transport, and security layers, emphasizing QKD, QSDC, PQC, and quantum-enabled AI. Key contributions include a survey of quantum-enabled architectures (qRAN, QSIN, RIS-based surfaces, quantum cloud services), detailed implementations in quantum MIMO and reflective surfaces, and deployment challenges with proposed mitigations. The work underscores the importance of hybrid quantum-classical systems, standardization, and scalable hardware to unlock practical quantum-enabled $6G$, while outlining future research directions across technology maturation, network integration, and security frameworks.
Abstract
As the world prepares for the advent of 6G networks, quantum technologies are becoming critical enablers of the next generation of communication systems. This survey paper investigates the convergence of quantum technologies and 6G networks, focusing on their applications, opportunities and challenges. We begin with an examination of the motivations for integrating quantum technologies into 6G, investigating the potential to overcome the limits of classical computing and cryptography. We then highlight key research gaps, particularly in quantum communication, quantum computing integration and security enhancement. A comprehensive overview of quantum technologies relevant to 6G, including quantum communication devices, quantum computing paradigms, and hybrid quantum-classical approaches is provided. A particular focus is on the role of quantum technologies in enhancing 6G Radio Access Networks (RAN), 6G core and edge network optimization, and 6G security. The survey paper also explores the application of quantum cryptography with a focus on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) and quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms and assesses their implementation challenges and potential impact on 6G networks. We also discuss the significant challenges associated with integrating quantum technologies into existing communications infrastructures, including issues of technological maturity, standardization, and economic considerations. Finally, we summarize the lessons learned from current research and outline future research directions to guide the ongoing development of quantum-enabled 6G networks.