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Diversity Analysis for Terahertz Communication Systems under Small-Scale Fading

Almutasem Bellah Enad, Jihad Fahs, Hakim Jemaa, Hadi Sarieddeen, Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

Abstract

The terahertz (THz) band is a key enabler for future wireless systems, promising ultra-high data rates and dense spatial reuse. However, the reliability of THz links remains a major challenge due to severe path loss and small-scale fading effects, particularly in dynamic indoor and outdoor environments. This paper presents a comprehensive diversity analysis framework for THz communication systems under small-scale fading conditions. We model fading statistically using the generalized $α$-$μ$ distribution for indoor scenarios and the mixture of gamma (MG) model for outdoor propagation. We complement previous works that analyzed diversity under the $α$-$μ$ channels [1],[2]. In particular, we present new insights on diversity for the MG channel in addition to recovering the results of [2] using a different approach. Moreover, we derive asymptotic expressions for the bit error rate as a function of the inverse signal-to-noise ratio, recovering all of the $α$-$μ$ diversity results using a simpler approximation method. The analytical results are extensively validated through Monte Carlo simulations, demonstrating excellent agreement. Our findings show that diversity gains in THz systems are strongly influenced by the number of independent paths, the severity of fading, and frequency selectivity. The proposed framework provides system designers with clear guidelines for quantifying and optimizing diversity gains in emerging channel models, paving the way for more reliable high-frequency wireless links in next-generation networks.

Diversity Analysis for Terahertz Communication Systems under Small-Scale Fading

Abstract

The terahertz (THz) band is a key enabler for future wireless systems, promising ultra-high data rates and dense spatial reuse. However, the reliability of THz links remains a major challenge due to severe path loss and small-scale fading effects, particularly in dynamic indoor and outdoor environments. This paper presents a comprehensive diversity analysis framework for THz communication systems under small-scale fading conditions. We model fading statistically using the generalized - distribution for indoor scenarios and the mixture of gamma (MG) model for outdoor propagation. We complement previous works that analyzed diversity under the - channels [1],[2]. In particular, we present new insights on diversity for the MG channel in addition to recovering the results of [2] using a different approach. Moreover, we derive asymptotic expressions for the bit error rate as a function of the inverse signal-to-noise ratio, recovering all of the - diversity results using a simpler approximation method. The analytical results are extensively validated through Monte Carlo simulations, demonstrating excellent agreement. Our findings show that diversity gains in THz systems are strongly influenced by the number of independent paths, the severity of fading, and frequency selectivity. The proposed framework provides system designers with clear guidelines for quantifying and optimizing diversity gains in emerging channel models, paving the way for more reliable high-frequency wireless links in next-generation networks.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 17 sections, 48 equations, 9 figures, 1 table.

Table of Contents

  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. Related Works
  3. Contribution
  4. Organization and notation
  5. System and Channel Models
  6. Problem Formulation
  7. Indoor Diversity Analysis
  8. The First alpha-mu Model
  9. The Second alpha-mu Model
  10. Full Diversity Characterization
  11. Partial Diversity Characterization
  12. Outdoor Diversity Analysis
  13. I.I.D Outdoor THz Diversity Analysis
  14. I.n.I.D Outdoor THz Diversity Analysis
  15. Simulation Results
  16. ...and 2 more sections

Figures (9)

  • Figure 1: BER performance versus SNR under $\alpha=3.45388$ and $\mu=0.51571$ for diversity orders $L=3$ and $L=4$. Theoretical results are based on \ref{['Per_m2_sp']}.
  • Figure 2: BER performance versus SNR under $\alpha=2.92801$ and $\mu=0.61844$ for diversity orders $L=3$ and $L=4$. Theoretical results are based on \ref{['Per_m2_sp']}.
  • Figure 3: BER performance versus SNR for diversity orders $L=3$ and $L=4$. Theoretical results are based on \ref{['Per_m2_2']}.
  • Figure 4: Probability density function of the $\alpha$-$\mu$ distribution for fixed $\alpha = 2$ and varying $\mu$ values.
  • Figure 5: Probability density function of the $\alpha$-$\mu$ distribution for fixed $\mu = 2$ and varying $\alpha$ values.
  • ...and 4 more figures