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Constraints on dark matter boosted by supernova shock within the effective field theory framework from the CDEX-10 experiment

J. Z. Wang, L. T. Yang, Q. Yue, K. J. Kang, Y. J. Li, H. P. An, Greeshma C., J. P. Chang, H. Chen, Y. H. Chen, J. P. Cheng, W. H. Dai, Z. Deng, C. H. Fang, X. P. Geng, H. Gong, Q. J. Guo, T. Guo, X. Y. Guo, L. He, J. R. He, H. X. Huang, T. C. Huang, S. Karmakar, H. B. Li, H. Y. Li, J. M. Li, J. Li, M. C. Li, Q. Y. Li, R. M. J. Li, X. Q. Li, Y. L. Li, Y. F. Liang, B. Liao, F. K. Lin, S. T. Lin, J. X. Liu, R. Z. Liu, S. K. Liu, Y. D. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Y. Liu, H. Ma, Y. C. Mao, A. Mureed, Q. Y. Nie, H. Pan, N. C. Qi, J. Ren, X. C. Ruan, M. B. Shen, H. Y. Shi, M. K. Singh, T. X. Sun, W. L. Sun, C. J. Tang, Y. Tian, H. F. Wan, G. F. Wang, L. Wang, Q. Wang, Q. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. X. Wang, H. T. Wong, Y. C. Wu, H. Y. Xing, K. Z. Xiong, R. Xu, Y. Xu, T. Xue, Y. L. Yan, N. Yi, C. X. Yu, H. J. Yu, X. Yu, M. Zeng, Z. Zeng, F. S. Zhang, P. Zhang, Z. H. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, M. G. Zhao, J. F. Zhou, Z. Y. Zhou, J. J. Zhu

TL;DR

This work probes boosted dark matter produced by a supernova shock within the nonrelativistic EFT framework, using Monogem Ring as the astrophysical source and the CDEX-10 data at CJPL to set constraints on DM–nucleon interactions across 15 NREFT operators. By modeling the SN shock with Sedov–Taylor dynamics and computing the Earth- arriving flux $\Phi_{\rm Earth}(v)$, the authors translate boosted-DM flux into terrestrial recoil spectra via $\frac{dR}{dE_R}$ and perform a likelihood-based analysis with CJPL_ESS to account for Earth attenuation. The resulting 90% C.L. exclusion regions reveal the strongest limits for $\mathcal{O}_3$, $\mathcal{O}_6$, and $\mathcal{O}_{15}$ in the sub-GeV range ($m_\chi \sim 0.2$–$0.6$ GeV), and demonstrate expanded coverage for other operators beyond SHM assumptions. These results highlight the utility of astrophysical boosts and sub-GeV germanium detectors in exploring velocity-dependent DM interactions with practical implications for future direct-detection searches.

Abstract

Supernova shocks can boost dark matter (DM) particles to high, yet nonrelativistic, velocities, providing a suitable mechanism for analysis within the framework of the nonrelativistic effective field theory (NREFT). These accelerated DM sources extend the experimental ability to scan the parameter space of light DM into the sub-GeV region. In this study, we specifically analyze DM accelerated by the Monogem Ring supernova remnant, whose age ($\sim 68000$ yr) and distance to Earth ($\sim 300$ parsec) are strategically matched to enable detection with current terrestrial detectors. Utilizing the 205.4 kg$\cdot$day data obtained from the CDEX-10 experiment at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, we derive new constraints on boosted DM within the NREFT framework. The NREFT coupling constant exclusion regions now penetrate the sub-GeV mass range, with optimal sensitivity achieved for operators $\mathcal{O}_{3}$, $\mathcal{O}_{6}$, $\mathcal{O}_{15}$ in the 0.4--0.6 GeV mass range.

Constraints on dark matter boosted by supernova shock within the effective field theory framework from the CDEX-10 experiment

TL;DR

This work probes boosted dark matter produced by a supernova shock within the nonrelativistic EFT framework, using Monogem Ring as the astrophysical source and the CDEX-10 data at CJPL to set constraints on DM–nucleon interactions across 15 NREFT operators. By modeling the SN shock with Sedov–Taylor dynamics and computing the Earth- arriving flux , the authors translate boosted-DM flux into terrestrial recoil spectra via and perform a likelihood-based analysis with CJPL_ESS to account for Earth attenuation. The resulting 90% C.L. exclusion regions reveal the strongest limits for , , and in the sub-GeV range (– GeV), and demonstrate expanded coverage for other operators beyond SHM assumptions. These results highlight the utility of astrophysical boosts and sub-GeV germanium detectors in exploring velocity-dependent DM interactions with practical implications for future direct-detection searches.

Abstract

Supernova shocks can boost dark matter (DM) particles to high, yet nonrelativistic, velocities, providing a suitable mechanism for analysis within the framework of the nonrelativistic effective field theory (NREFT). These accelerated DM sources extend the experimental ability to scan the parameter space of light DM into the sub-GeV region. In this study, we specifically analyze DM accelerated by the Monogem Ring supernova remnant, whose age ( yr) and distance to Earth ( parsec) are strategically matched to enable detection with current terrestrial detectors. Utilizing the 205.4 kgday data obtained from the CDEX-10 experiment at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, we derive new constraints on boosted DM within the NREFT framework. The NREFT coupling constant exclusion regions now penetrate the sub-GeV mass range, with optimal sensitivity achieved for operators , , in the 0.4--0.6 GeV mass range.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 5 sections, 12 equations, 5 figures, 3 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Effective field theory
  3. DM Boosted By Supernova Ejecta
  4. Data Analysis
  5. Discussion

Figures (5)

  • Figure 1: Flux of boosted DM particles that can be detected on Earth, calculated using operator $\mathcal{O}_{15}$ with ($m_{\chi}, c_{15}^{2}m_{v}^{4}$) = (0.5 GeV, $1.6\times 10^{25}$) (a) as well as ($m_{\chi}, c_{15}^{2}m_{v}^{4}$) = (1.0 GeV, $1.9\times 10^{23}$) (b). Here, $m_v$ = 246 GeV denotes the weak mass scale.
  • Figure 2: Measured spectrum with error bars from the 205.4 kg$\cdot$day exposure data obtained from CDEX-10 in the energy range of 0.16--12 keVee. The red line represents the background model fit via $\chi^2$ minimization in the range of 4--11.8 keVee, including identified $K$-shell x-rays of cosmogenic radionuclides, displayed separately with other colors. The inset displays the contributions of $L$- and $M$-shell x-ray peaks, whose intensities are derived from corresponding $K$-shell lines.
  • Figure 3: Residual spectrum of CDEX-10 after subtracting the characteristic x-ray contributions in the energy region 0.16--4.00 keVee. The red and blue lines represent the predicted spectrum of supernova boosted DM for ($m_{\chi}, c_{15}^2m_{v}^{4}$) = (0.6 GeV, $4.80\times 10^{24}$) and ($m_{\chi}, c_{15}^2m_{v}^{4}$) = (1.0 GeV, $1.90\times 10^{23}$), where the coupling constants correspond to the upper limits at 90% C.L. The dashed lines represent the expected signals deposited by boosted DM without background.
  • Figure 4: Velocity distribution of 0.5 (a) and 1.0 GeV (b) DM under $\mathcal{O}_{15}$ interactions. The blue line represents the $f(v)$ of boosted DM reaching the Earth without shielding.
  • Figure 5: Exclusion limits on NREFT coupling constants in the mass range of 0.1--4.0 GeV. Dashed lines correspond to constraints derived under the SHM scenario, including results from CRESST CRESSTEFT, SuperCDMS SuperCDMSEFT, CDEX-10, and CDEX-1B CDEXEFT, where "CDEX-1B AM" indicates the annual modulation (AM) analysis from the CDEX-1B experiment. Solid lines correspond to exclusion regions obtained from supernova shock boosted DM analyses. The constraints from CDMS-Surface SuperCDMS-Surface and PICO PICO experiments are detailed in Ref. SupernovaDM. The red lines indicate the 90% confidence level exclusion limits for CDEX-10 derived in this work.