Apparent $w<-1$ and a Lower $S_8$ from Dark Axion and Dark Baryons Interactions

Abstract

We show that a simple coupling between dark energy and dark matter can simultaneously address two distinct hints at new physics coming from cosmological observations. The first is the recent evidence from the DESI project and supernovae observations that the dark energy equation of state~$w$ is evolving over cosmic time from an earlier value that is~$<-1$ to a present-day value~$>-1$. The second observation is the so-called~$S_8$ tension, describing the suppression of the growth of matter overdensities compared to that expected in the~$Λ$CDM model. We propose a stable, technically natural particle physics implementation of this idea, in which dark matter consists of dark baryons in a strongly-coupled hidden sector, and the dark energy field is the associated dark axion. The time-variation of the dark matter mass results in an effective dark energy equation of state that exhibits a phantom crossing behavior consistent with recent results. It also results in a slight delay in matter-radiation equality, which suppresses the overall growth of density perturbations.

Figures (6)

• Figure 1: The dark axion effective potential (Eq. \ref{['axion pot full']}) with different finite-density of dark baryons. Here we adopt $m_{\rm u}/m_{\rm d}=0.8$ and $v=1$ for illustration purposes.
• Figure 2: Scalar field evolution as a function of redshift for the two fiducial models.
• Figure 3: Effective DE equation of state, $w_{\rm eff}$, defined in Eq. \ref{['eq:weff']}, as a function of redshift for two working examples.
• Figure 4: Fractional change to the DM density contrast relative to $\Lambda$CDM, $\frac{\Delta \delta_{\rm c}}{\delta_{\rm c}} = \frac{\delta_{\rm c} - \delta_{\rm c}^{\Lambda {\rm CDM}}}{\delta_{\rm c}^{\Lambda {\rm CDM}}}$, as a function of the scale factor.
• Figure 5: Impact on the effective DE equation of state $w_{\rm eff}$ on varying the model parameters around our fiducial example Model 2 (red line).