Logo
ScienceStack
Table of Contents
Fetching ...
Sign In

Degradation-based Energy Management for Microgrids in the Presence of Energy Storage Elements

Satish Vedula

TL;DR

The paper tackles the challenge of grid stability with high inverter-based resources by embedding battery degradation considerations into a model predictive energy management (MPC) framework. It proposes degradation-aware heuristics for energy storage within a distributed MPC that coordinates generator and storage units in shipboard power systems and HEVs, leveraging ADMM-like dual updates for scalability. The approach accounts for PCM degradation via metrics such as Ah-throughput and SoC deviations, balancing generator efficiency and storage health while respecting ramp-rate and power-balance constraints. Case studies on SPS with pulsed loads and multi-zone configurations, plus real-time simulations, demonstrate improved degradation control, reduced PCM capacity loss, and robust power sharing under faults. The work advances practical EMS/MPC designs for MGs with degraded-energy storage, enabling more robust and resilient operation in complex, high-demand environments.

Abstract

Integration of Inverter-based Resources (IBRs) such as solar-powered plants which lack the intrinsic characteristics such as the inertial response of the traditional synchronous-generator (SG) based sources presents a new challenge in the form of analyzing the grid stability under their presence. For example, solar power is available for approximately from 9 AM-5 PM. However, the result of the rise in power consumption after 6 PM and the reverting back to the non-renewable source of power generation during that period puts immense stress on the grid, testing the ramp limitations of the SGs. Failure to meet the required power demand due to SG ramp limitations leads to failure of the power grid and other catastrophes. Numerous mitigation techniques exist in order to address the ramping issues with adding the energy storage elements (ESE) to the grid being one. ESEs have higher ramping capabilities compared to the traditional SGs. Also, the ESEs can store the energy and supply it to the grid when required making them extremely responsive to high ramp situations. However, the rate of degradation of the ESEs is faster than the SGs. This raises an important issue of addressing the degradation of the ESEs while meeting the required power demand objectives and constraints. This work proposes a battery degradation-aware model predictive energy management strategy and it is tested via a numerical simulation on multiple physical systems such as Shipboard Power Systems (SPS). Moreover, the risk arising due to the fault in the IBR is also studied by means of a numerical simulation. Overall, the goal of this study is to make the existing power grid more robust, resilient, and risk-free from component degradation and eventual failures.

Degradation-based Energy Management for Microgrids in the Presence of Energy Storage Elements

TL;DR

The paper tackles the challenge of grid stability with high inverter-based resources by embedding battery degradation considerations into a model predictive energy management (MPC) framework. It proposes degradation-aware heuristics for energy storage within a distributed MPC that coordinates generator and storage units in shipboard power systems and HEVs, leveraging ADMM-like dual updates for scalability. The approach accounts for PCM degradation via metrics such as Ah-throughput and SoC deviations, balancing generator efficiency and storage health while respecting ramp-rate and power-balance constraints. Case studies on SPS with pulsed loads and multi-zone configurations, plus real-time simulations, demonstrate improved degradation control, reduced PCM capacity loss, and robust power sharing under faults. The work advances practical EMS/MPC designs for MGs with degraded-energy storage, enabling more robust and resilient operation in complex, high-demand environments.

Abstract

Integration of Inverter-based Resources (IBRs) such as solar-powered plants which lack the intrinsic characteristics such as the inertial response of the traditional synchronous-generator (SG) based sources presents a new challenge in the form of analyzing the grid stability under their presence. For example, solar power is available for approximately from 9 AM-5 PM. However, the result of the rise in power consumption after 6 PM and the reverting back to the non-renewable source of power generation during that period puts immense stress on the grid, testing the ramp limitations of the SGs. Failure to meet the required power demand due to SG ramp limitations leads to failure of the power grid and other catastrophes. Numerous mitigation techniques exist in order to address the ramping issues with adding the energy storage elements (ESE) to the grid being one. ESEs have higher ramping capabilities compared to the traditional SGs. Also, the ESEs can store the energy and supply it to the grid when required making them extremely responsive to high ramp situations. However, the rate of degradation of the ESEs is faster than the SGs. This raises an important issue of addressing the degradation of the ESEs while meeting the required power demand objectives and constraints. This work proposes a battery degradation-aware model predictive energy management strategy and it is tested via a numerical simulation on multiple physical systems such as Shipboard Power Systems (SPS). Moreover, the risk arising due to the fault in the IBR is also studied by means of a numerical simulation. Overall, the goal of this study is to make the existing power grid more robust, resilient, and risk-free from component degradation and eventual failures.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 76 sections, 2 theorems, 132 equations, 49 figures, 6 tables, 1 algorithm.

Table of Contents

  1. Abstract
  2. Introduction and Background
  3. Motivation
  4. Background
  5. What is Energy Dispatch Process?
  6. Power Flow Problem
  7. Optimal Energy Dispatch
  8. Assessment of Energy Dispatch Process
  9. Assessment of Current Electricity Market
  10. Assessment of Cyber Threats
  11. Load Altering Attacks
  12. Notations and Preliminaries
  13. Notations and Definitions
  14. Graph Theory
  15. Vector Norms and Inequalities
  16. ...and 61 more sections

Key Result

Theorem 1

Given $\varepsilon>0$ and $\bar{r}>0$. Consider the error dynamics in (closed_loop_error). If the parameter estimates satisfy the update law where $\gamma_r > 0$ is the associated adaptation rate for the parameter $r_g$ and $f(r) = \frac{r^2-\bar{r}^2}{2\varepsilon\bar{r}+\varepsilon^2}$, then the origin of the closed-loop system in (closed_loop_error) is globally asymptotically stable.

Figures (49)

  • Figure 1: Present and future trends in the IBR penetration in the microgrids 9729134.
  • Figure 2: California's power generation through non-renewable means from years 2015-2022 duck_curve.
  • Figure 3: Energy storage elements presence in today's grid.
  • Figure 4: Electric grid subsystems
  • Figure 5: Pie chart showing American power generating sources and their contributions
  • ...and 44 more figures

Theorems & Definitions (9)

  • Definition 1
  • Definition 2
  • Definition 3
  • Definition 4
  • Theorem 1
  • proof
  • Proposition 1
  • proof
  • Remark 1