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Colloquium: Hadron Production in Open-charm Meson Pair at $e^+e^-$ Collider

Xiongfei Wang, Xiang Liu, Yuanning Gao

TL;DR

This Colloquium surveys two decades of $e^+e^-$ collider work (BaBar, Belle, CLEO-c, BESIII) on hadron production in open-charm meson pairs, showing rich resonance structures above open-charm thresholds and emphasizing the need for coupled-channel, unitary analyses to interpret them. It highlights BESIII as delivering the most precise Born cross sections across many exclusive channels, revealing patterns around states such as $G(3900)$, $\psi(4040)$, $\psi(4160)$, $Y(4230)$, $\psi(4415)$, and $Y(4500)$, among others, and documents first observations of open-charm manifestations of certain resonances (e.g., $Y(4230)$ in $\pi^+D^{(\ast)0}D^{\ast-}$). The review underscores the role of ISR methods, partial reconstruction, and recoil techniques in enabling these measurements, and it discusses theoretical interpretations ranging from conventional charmonium to hybrids, molecules, and tetraquark configurations. Looking forward, upgrades like Belle II and BEPCII-U, with higher energies and luminosities, are expected to sharpen resonance parameters and explore non-standard hadrons in greater detail, advancing our understanding of strong interactions in the open-charm sector.

Abstract

The standard model of particle physics is a well-established theoretical framework, yet several unresolved issues remain that warrant further experimental and theoretical exploration. In the realm of quark physics, these include understanding the nature of quark confinement and elucidating the mechanism linking quarks and gluons to strongly interacting particles within the standard model theory, which may offer insights into the underlying physics mechanisms. These inquiries can be addressed through the study of hadrons produced at $e^+e^-$ collisions and decaying to open-charm meson pairs utilizing the capabilities of {\it BABAR}, Belle, BESIII, and CLEO-c experiments, which have yielded valuable insights into non-standard hadrons over recent decades. This Colloquium examines the contributions of $e^+e^-$ colliders from {\it BABAR}, Belle, BESIII, and CLEO-c experiments to such studies in the past two decades and discusses future prospects for $e^+e^-$ collider experiments.

Colloquium: Hadron Production in Open-charm Meson Pair at $e^+e^-$ Collider

TL;DR

This Colloquium surveys two decades of collider work (BaBar, Belle, CLEO-c, BESIII) on hadron production in open-charm meson pairs, showing rich resonance structures above open-charm thresholds and emphasizing the need for coupled-channel, unitary analyses to interpret them. It highlights BESIII as delivering the most precise Born cross sections across many exclusive channels, revealing patterns around states such as , , , , , and , among others, and documents first observations of open-charm manifestations of certain resonances (e.g., in ). The review underscores the role of ISR methods, partial reconstruction, and recoil techniques in enabling these measurements, and it discusses theoretical interpretations ranging from conventional charmonium to hybrids, molecules, and tetraquark configurations. Looking forward, upgrades like Belle II and BEPCII-U, with higher energies and luminosities, are expected to sharpen resonance parameters and explore non-standard hadrons in greater detail, advancing our understanding of strong interactions in the open-charm sector.

Abstract

The standard model of particle physics is a well-established theoretical framework, yet several unresolved issues remain that warrant further experimental and theoretical exploration. In the realm of quark physics, these include understanding the nature of quark confinement and elucidating the mechanism linking quarks and gluons to strongly interacting particles within the standard model theory, which may offer insights into the underlying physics mechanisms. These inquiries can be addressed through the study of hadrons produced at collisions and decaying to open-charm meson pairs utilizing the capabilities of {\it BABAR}, Belle, BESIII, and CLEO-c experiments, which have yielded valuable insights into non-standard hadrons over recent decades. This Colloquium examines the contributions of colliders from {\it BABAR}, Belle, BESIII, and CLEO-c experiments to such studies in the past two decades and discusses future prospects for collider experiments.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 18 sections, 3 equations, 23 figures.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Experimental apparatus
  3. BABAR experiment
  4. Belle and Belle II experiments
  5. BESIII experiment
  6. CLEO-c experiment
  7. Experimental advances
  8. Charmed meson pair
  9. $e^+e^-\to D^0\bar{D}^0$ and $D^+D^-$
  10. $e^+e^-\to D^{\ast}\bar{D}^{(\ast)}$
  11. $e^+e^-\to \pi^+D^{(\ast)0}D^{\ast-}$
  12. $e^+e^-\to \pi^+\pi^-D^+D^-$
  13. Charmed-strange meson pair
  14. $e^+e^-\to D^{+}_{s}D^{-}_{s}$
  15. $e^+e^-\to D^{\ast+}_{s}D^{(\ast)-}_{s}$
  16. ...and 3 more sections

Figures (23)

  • Figure 1: Charmonium(-like) family.
  • Figure 2: Charmonium and some exotic hadronic states. Conventional charmonia are composed of one charm quark and one charm antiquark forming a $c\bar{c}$ bound state. Exotic hadronic states include quark-antiquark-gluon hybrids, tetraquark, hadro-quarkonia, hadron-hadron molecules, pentaquark, multi-gluon glueballs, etc..
  • Figure 3: Overview of detectors for BABAR (Top Left), Belle (Top Right), BESIII (Bottom Left) and CLEO-c (Bottom Right).
  • Figure 4: The status of open-charm meson pair production in $e^+e^-$ colliders from the experiments of BABAR, Belle, BESIII and CLEO-c.
  • Figure 5: Comparisons of cross sections for the $e^+e^-\to D\bar{D}$ process as a function of c.m. energy from 3.80 to 4.95 GeV from different experiments of BABARBaBar:2006qlj, Belle Belle:2007qxm, BESIII BESIII:2024ths and CLEO-c CLEO:2008ojp.
  • ...and 18 more figures