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Where Do Passengers Gaze? Impact of Passengers' Personality Traits on Their Gaze Pattern Toward Pedestrians During APMV-Pedestrian Interactions with Diverse eHMIs

Hailong Liu, Zhe Zeng, Takahiro Wada

TL;DR

This paper examines how passengers’ gaze toward pedestrians during APMV-pedestrian encounters is influenced by eHMI design and passengers’ personality traits. Using data from a passenger-centered experiment with three eHMI types (visual, neural voice, and affective voice) and Big Five assessments, the study analyzes gaze to pedestrians’ heads via DensePose and eye-tracking. Results show a positive association between Neuroticism and gaze duration under a visual-only eHMI, and a positive association between Openness to Experience and gaze duration under an affective-voice eHMI, with no overarching differences across eHMIs. The findings suggest that personalization of eHMI content to passenger personality could improve comprehension and safety during APMV-pedestrian interactions. This work provides empirical guidance for designing passenger-aware eHMIs in shared-space autonomous mobility.

Abstract

Autonomous Personal Mobility Vehicles (APMVs) are designed to address the ``last-mile'' transportation challenge for everyone. When an APMV encounters a pedestrian, it uses an external Human-Machine Interface (eHMI) to negotiate road rights. Through this interaction, passengers also engage with the process. This study examines passengers' gaze behavior toward pedestrians during such interactions, focusing on whether different eHMI designs influence gaze patterns based on passengers' personality traits. The results indicated that when using a visual-based eHMI, passengers often struggled to perceive the communication content. Consequently, passengers with higher Neuroticism scores, who were more sensitive to communication details, might seek cues from pedestrians' reactions. In addition, a multimodal eHMI (visual and voice) using neutral voice did not significantly affect the gaze behavior of passengers toward pedestrians, regardless of personality traits. In contrast, a multimodal eHMI using affective voice encouraged passengers with high Openness to Experience scores to focus on pedestrians' heads. In summary, this study revealed how different eHMI designs influence passengers' gaze behavior and highlighted the effects of personality traits on their gaze patterns toward pedestrians, providing new insights for personalized eHMI designs.

Where Do Passengers Gaze? Impact of Passengers' Personality Traits on Their Gaze Pattern Toward Pedestrians During APMV-Pedestrian Interactions with Diverse eHMIs

TL;DR

This paper examines how passengers’ gaze toward pedestrians during APMV-pedestrian encounters is influenced by eHMI design and passengers’ personality traits. Using data from a passenger-centered experiment with three eHMI types (visual, neural voice, and affective voice) and Big Five assessments, the study analyzes gaze to pedestrians’ heads via DensePose and eye-tracking. Results show a positive association between Neuroticism and gaze duration under a visual-only eHMI, and a positive association between Openness to Experience and gaze duration under an affective-voice eHMI, with no overarching differences across eHMIs. The findings suggest that personalization of eHMI content to passenger personality could improve comprehension and safety during APMV-pedestrian interactions. This work provides empirical guidance for designing passenger-aware eHMIs in shared-space autonomous mobility.

Abstract

Autonomous Personal Mobility Vehicles (APMVs) are designed to address the ``last-mile'' transportation challenge for everyone. When an APMV encounters a pedestrian, it uses an external Human-Machine Interface (eHMI) to negotiate road rights. Through this interaction, passengers also engage with the process. This study examines passengers' gaze behavior toward pedestrians during such interactions, focusing on whether different eHMI designs influence gaze patterns based on passengers' personality traits. The results indicated that when using a visual-based eHMI, passengers often struggled to perceive the communication content. Consequently, passengers with higher Neuroticism scores, who were more sensitive to communication details, might seek cues from pedestrians' reactions. In addition, a multimodal eHMI (visual and voice) using neutral voice did not significantly affect the gaze behavior of passengers toward pedestrians, regardless of personality traits. In contrast, a multimodal eHMI using affective voice encouraged passengers with high Openness to Experience scores to focus on pedestrians' heads. In summary, this study revealed how different eHMI designs influence passengers' gaze behavior and highlighted the effects of personality traits on their gaze patterns toward pedestrians, providing new insights for personalized eHMI designs.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 24 sections, 5 figures, 4 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. Background
  3. Challenges in eHMI Design for APMV Passengers
  4. Purpose
  5. RELATED WORKS
  6. METHODOLOGY
  7. Participants
  8. Autonomous Personal Mobility Vehicle (APMV)
  9. Designs of External Human-Machine Interface (eHMI)
  10. Scenarios
  11. Measurements
  12. Measurements
  13. Personality traits of passengers
  14. Passenger's gaze duration on pedestrian's head
  15. RESULTS
  16. ...and 9 more sections

Figures (5)

  • Figure 1: A passenger-carrying APMV equipped with an eHMI encounters a pedestrian in a shared space.
  • Figure 2: Three designed eHMIs for APMV negotiating with pedestrians liu2024_APMV_eHMI.
  • Figure 3: Experimental site and APMV driving route.
  • Figure 4: Area of interest (AOI) of pedestrian's head estimated by using the DensePose model from APMV passenger's gaze points
  • Figure 5: Passengers' gaze duration on pedestrians' head under eHMI conditions